In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:

• How I Changed Ed Klima's Mind
• Nancy Frishberg (bio)

Fall 1970

With an undergraduate degree in linguistics from University of California, Berkeley (Berkeley), I came to grad school in linguistics at University of California at San Diego (UCSD). Why UCSD? Because of the six places I applied to, five of which accepted me, only UCSD gave me financial support, in this case for being a foreign language teaching assistant. I arrived with an introduction to Ursula Bellugi from Dan Slobin, whose seminar in child language acquisition I'd taken at Berkeley.

My first week, I was assigned to share an office with Rick Lacy, the other language tutor for Russian. (Some linguistics grad students taught foreign language grammar and reading, while native speakers from other departments taught conversational skills.) I had announced my interest in pursuing child language acquisition as a specialty at the department welcoming meeting. Though there was no faculty member who specialized in this area, Edward S. Klima, known to me for his (1964) work on English negation, stepped up as my advisor. And I learned then that he was also Ursula Bellugi's husband. So, Rick and Ed knew about my interest in first language acquisition.

Rick let me know about the inaugural Friday seminar at the Salk Institute for the Biological Sciences—just a quarter-mile north from UCSD's psychology-and-linguistics building—where we could meet others intrigued by first language acquisition. Ursula Bellugi had [End Page 234]

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Nancy Frishberg enjoying bakeries of Rome, Italy (1983). Photo courtesy of Margaret Ransom Cobb.

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Edward Klima and Ursula Bellugi at the Copenhagen Conference in 1979. Photo from the author's collection.

[End Page 235] recently gotten a federal grant to continue her work on children acquiring first languages, this time focused on how deaf children with signing deaf parents learn sign language as a native language. Because the Salk Institute was dedicated to biological sciences, this grant proposal and the many that followed were framed as explorations into the biological foundations of language, as initiated by Eric Lenneberg (1967). Susan Fischer started her postdoctoral role at the Bellugi lab that same semester. Robbin Battison, still an undergrad, joined in. And Don Newkirk was already on board, though he spent part of that year elsewhere as part of his military service.

I arrived at UCSD from Berkeley's linguistics department, cofounded by Mary Haas, who aimed to preserve as many native languages of North America as possible before the speakers died. Her directive was that linguists must write a grammar and a dictionary and collect texts (of all sorts) to be confident they had documented a language. (It didn't have to be one person doing all three parts.) So, I arrived with the expectation that it was possible to make a dictionary, a grammar and collect texts for sign language. It was more complicated than I expected, since we had no way to represent language in another modality. We all recognized we did not have an International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), or any standardized conventions for writing signs to accurately represent their formations.

I arrived at Salk knowing a dozen signs, including kinship terms (boy, girl, mother, father, grandmother, grandfather), few animal names (horse, mule, cow, dog, cat), and my junior high school friend's grandfather's name sign, with decent fingerspelling production (legible, fast enough for some familiar names and words) but terrible receptive skills for both signs and fingerspelling. Bonnie Gough, our deaf signing consultant, nonetheless declared that I had "soft hands," which apparently was a desirable quality.

Chance Favors the Prepared Mind

I mentioned my friend's grandfather, whose name sign was in my small repertoire. He was Grover Farquhar, a teacher at the Missouri School for the Deaf, who had three hearing daughters, each of whom [End Page 236] was reputed to be the best interpreter. My schoolmate, Mary Keller, was the oldest child of the Farquhars' oldest, Marie Jo Keller.

At some point, probably in 1962, the Farquhar grandparents and an aunt from Missouri visited the Keller household in Los Angeles. I...

中文翻译：

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我如何改变艾德·克利马的想法

以下是内容的简短摘录，以代替摘要：

• 我如何改变艾德·克利马的想法
• 南希·弗里斯伯格（简介）

1970 年秋季

我在加州大学伯克利分校 (Berkeley) 获得语言学学士学位后，来到加州大学圣地亚哥分校 (UCSD) 攻读语言学研究生。为什么选择加州大学圣地亚哥分校？因为我申请了六个地方，其中五个录取了我，所以只有加州大学圣地亚哥分校给了我经济支持，在这种情况下是作为外语助教。我到达时，丹·斯洛宾（Dan Slobin）向我介绍了乌苏拉·贝鲁吉（Ursula Bellugi），我在伯克利参加了他的儿童语言习得研讨会。

第一周，我被分配与另一位俄语导师里克·莱西 (Rick Lacy) 共用一间办公室。（一些语言学研究生教授外语语法和阅读，而其他系的母语人士则教授会话技巧。）我在系欢迎会上宣布了我有兴趣将儿童语言习得作为一个专业。虽然没有专门研究这一领域的教员，但爱德华·S·克利马（Edward S. Klima）担任了我的导师，他因他（1964 年）在英语否定方面的工作而闻名。然后我才知道他也是乌苏拉·贝鲁吉的丈夫。所以，里克和埃德知道我对第一语言习得的兴趣。

里克让我知道了在索尔克生物科学研究所举行的首届周五研讨会的情况——距加州大学圣地亚哥分校心理学和语言学大楼以北四分之一英里——在那里我们可以见到其他对第一语言习得感兴趣的人。乌苏拉·贝鲁吉 (Ursula Bellugi) 曾[完页 234]

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南希·弗里斯伯格 (Nancy Frisberg) 品尝意大利罗马的面包店（1983 年）。照片由玛格丽特·兰塞姆·科布提供。

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查看完整分辨率图 2。

爱德华·克利马 (Edward Klima) 和乌苏拉·贝鲁吉 (Ursula Bellugi) 在 1979 年哥本哈根会议上。照片来自作者收藏。

[完第 235 页]最近获得了一项联邦拨款，以继续她关于儿童习得第一语言的工作，这次的重点是手语聋哑父母的聋哑儿童如何学习手语作为母语。由于索尔克研究所致力于生物科学，因此这项资助提案以及随后的许多资助提案都被视为对语言生物学基础的探索，由埃里克·伦内伯格（Eric Lenneberg，1967）发起。同学期，苏珊·费舍尔 (Susan Fischer) 在贝鲁吉实验室 (Bellugi lab) 开始了她的博士后工作。罗宾·巴蒂森（Robbin Battison）还是一名本科生，也加入了进来。唐·纽柯克（Don Newkirk）也已经加入了，尽管他那一年的部分时间是在其他地方服兵役的。

我从伯克利大学语言学系来到加州大学圣地亚哥分校，该系由玛丽·哈斯 (Mary Haas) 共同创立，她的目标是在讲者去世之前尽可能多地保留北美的母语。她的指令是语言学家必须编写语法和词典并收集（各种类型的）文本，以确保他们记录了一种语言。（不必由一个人完成所有三个部分。） 因此，我带着这样的期望来到这里：可以制作一本词典、一本语法书并收集手语文本。它比我预期的更复杂，因为我们无法以另一种方式表示语言。我们都认识到我们没有国际音标（IPA），也没有任何用于书写符号以准确表示其构成的标准化惯例。

到达索尔克时，我认识了十几个标志，包括亲属称谓（男孩、女孩、母亲、父亲、祖母、祖父），一些动物名称（马、骡、牛、狗、猫），以及我初中朋友的祖父的名字标志，具有不错的手指拼写能力（清晰，对于一些熟悉的名字和单词来说足够快），但对手势和手指拼写的接受能力很差。尽管如此，我们的聋人手语顾问邦妮·高夫仍然宣称我有“柔软的手”，这显然是一种令人向往的品质。

机会青睐有准备的头脑

我提到了我朋友的祖父，他的名字出现在我的小曲目中。他就是格罗弗·法夸尔，密苏里州聋人学校的一名教师，他有三个听力正常的女儿，每个女儿[完第 236 页]都被认为是最好的口译员。我的同学玛丽·凯勒是法夸尔家最年长的孩子玛丽·乔·凯勒的长子。

大概在 1962 年的某个时候，法夸尔的祖父母和一位来自密苏里州的阿姨拜访了洛杉矶的凯勒一家。我...