Purpose

This paper aims to determine the optimum parametric settings for yielding superior mechanical properties, namely, ultimate tensile strength (UTS), yield strength (YS) and percentage elongation (EL) of AZ91D/AgNPs/TiO₂ hybrid composite fabricated by friction stir processing.

Design/methodology/approach

An empirical model has been developed to govern crucial influencing parameters, namely, rotation speed (RS), tool transverse speed (TS), number of passes (NPS) and reinforcement fraction (RF) or weight percentage. Box Behnken design (BBD) with four input parameters and three levels of each parameter was used to design the experimental work, and analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to check the acceptability of the developed model. Desirability function analysis (DFA) for a multiresponse optimization approach is integrated with response surface methodology (RSM). The individual desirability index (IDI) was calculated for each response, and a composite desirability index (CDI) was obtained. The optimal parametric settings were determined based on maximum CDI values. A confirmation test is also performed to compare the actual and predicted values of responses.

Findings

The relationship between input parameters and output responses (UTS, YS, and EL) was investigated using the Box-Behnken design (BBD). Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and nano-sized titanium dioxide (TiO₂) enhanced the ultimate tensile strength and yield strength. It was observed that the inclusion of AgNPs led to an increase in ductility, while the increase in the weight fraction of TiO₂ resulted in a decrease in ductility.

Practical implications

AZ91D/AgNPs/TiO₂ hybrid composite finds enormous applications in biomedical implants, aerospace, sports and aerospace industries, especially where lightweight materials with high strength are critical.

Originality/value

In terms of optimum value through desirability, the experimental trials yield the following results: maximum value of UTS (318.369 MPa), maximum value of YS (200.120 MPa) and EL (7.610) at 1,021 rpm of RS, 70 mm/min of TS, 4 NPS and level 3 of RF.

中文翻译：

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使用响应面法和合意性对搅拌摩擦加工制备的 AZ91D/AgNPs/TiO2 复合材料的工艺参数进行多目标优化

目的

本文旨在确定通过搅拌摩擦加工制备的AZ91D/AgNPs/TiO _{2杂化复合材料产生优异机械性能的最佳参数设置，即极限拉伸强度 (UTS)、屈服强度 (YS) 和伸长率 (EL)。}

设计/方法论/途径

我们开发了一个经验模型来控制关键的影响参数，即旋转速度 (RS)、工具横向速度 (TS)、道次 (NPS) 和强化分数 (RF) 或重量百分比。采用具有四个输入参数和每个参数三个水平的 Box Behnken 设计（BBD）来设计实验工作，并使用方差分析（ANOVA）来检查所开发模型的可接受性。多响应优化方法的意愿函数分析 (DFA) 与响应面方法 (RSM) 相集成。计算每个响应的个体意愿指数（IDI），并获得综合意愿指数（CDI）。最佳参数设置是根据最大 CDI 值确定的。还执行确认测试来比较响应的实际值和预测值。

发现

使用 Box-Behnken 设计 (BBD) 研究输入参数和输出响应（UTS、YS 和 EL）之间的关系。银纳米颗粒（AgNPs）和纳米二氧化钛（TiO ₂）提高了极限拉伸强度和屈服强度。据观察，AgNPs的加入导致延展性增加，而TiO ₂重量分数的增加导致延展性下降。

实际影响

AZ91D/AgNPs/TiO ₂混合复合材料在生物医学植入物、航空航天、体育和航空航天工业中有着巨大的应用，特别是在轻质材料和高强度至关重要的领域。

原创性/价值

在通过合意性获得最佳值方面，实验得出以下结果：RS 1,021 rpm、TS 70 mm/min 时 UTS 最大值 (318.369 MPa)、YS 最大值 (200.120 MPa) 和 EL (7.610) 、4 NPS 和 RF 3 级。