Stones are one of the important natural materials in soil bioengineering and are widely used in river ecosystem restoration projects. After stones are introduced into the river channel, they become a crucial component of the riverbed substrate. Substrate is a crucial habitat for macroinvertebrates. The surface structure of substrate plays a vital role in providing habitat for a greater diversity of macroinvertebrates, thus contributing significantly to the enhancement of riverine biodiversity. This study was conducted in the headwater streams of Changbai Mountain. Complexity was introduced to the substrate surface by adding rough treatments on concrete blocks, as well as different sizes of grooves and holes. The study found that the control substrate (GK0/GT0) took the shortest time (7 d) to establish a relatively stable macroinvertebrate community. In contrast, other treated substrates required a longer time to form relatively stable communities due to the increased available living space on the substrate surface. Overall, various diversity indices were relatively higher on rough substrates compared to smooth substrates. Specifically, at 28 d, the groove-treated substrate MT1 had the highest species richness (18.67) and Shannon-Wiener diversity index (, 2.85), which were 2.68 times and 1.54 times higher than the control, respectively. Similarly, at 28 d, the hole-treated substrate MK1 exhibited the highest species richness (20.35) and (2.84), which were 2.90 times and 1.53 times higher than the control, respectively. With the gradient changes in groove and hole sizes, macroinvertebrate species richness, density, , Margalef richness index (), and Simpson dominance index () on different substrates showed an initial increase followed by a decrease trend. Additionally, attached organisms were the dominant taxa on all treated substrates, with higher densities of burrowers in hole-treated substrates and more swimmers in groove-treated substrates. Substrates with larger holes favored the settlement of larger-bodied macroinvertebrates, while substrates with small grooves had higher abundances of various-sized macroinvertebrate groups. It is evident that differences in substrate surface structure have a significant impact on macroinvertebrate diversity and functional characteristics. Therefore, in river ecosystem restoration projects, adding necessary textural structures to the substrate surface can enhance the effectiveness of river ecosystem restoration.

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基质表面结构对大型无脊椎动物群落结构和功能特征的短期影响

石料是土壤生物工程重要的天然材料之一，广泛应用于河流生态系统修复工程。当石头被引入河道后，它们就成为河床基质的重要组成部分。基质是大型无脊椎动物的重要栖息地。基质的表面结构在为更多大型无脊椎动物提供栖息地方面发挥着至关重要的作用，从而对增强河流生物多样性做出了重大贡献。这项研究是在长白山的源头溪流中进行的。通过对混凝土块进行粗糙处理以及不同尺寸的凹槽和孔，将复杂性引入到基底表面。研究发现对照底物（GK0/GT0）花费最短的时间（7 d）建立相对稳定的大型无脊椎动物群落。相比之下，其他处理过的基质由于基质表面上的可用生存空间增加，需要更长的时间才能形成相对稳定的群落。总体而言，与光滑基质相比，粗糙基质上的各种多样性指数相对较高。具体而言，在28 d时，凹槽处理的基质MT1具有最高的物种丰富度（18.67）和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数（2.85），分别是对照的2.68倍和1.54倍。同样，在28 d时，孔处理的基质MK1表现出最高的物种丰富度（20.35）和（2.84），分别是对照的2.90倍和1.53倍。随着凹槽和孔尺寸的梯度变化，不同基质上的大型无脊椎动物物种丰富度、密度、Margalef丰富度指数（）和Simpson优势指数（）均呈现先增加后减少的趋势。此外，附着生物是所有处理过的基质上的主要分类群，孔处理过的基质中穴居动物的密度较高，槽处理过的基质中游泳者的密度较高。具有较大孔的基质有利于体型较大的大型无脊椎动物的定居，而具有小凹槽的基质则具有较高的各种大小的大型无脊椎动物群体的丰度。显然，基质表面结构的差异对大型无脊椎动物的多样性和功能特征有显着影响。因此，在河流生态系统修复工程中，在基质表面添加必要的纹理结构可以增强河流生态系统修复的有效性。