The transportation of hazardous materials (HAZMATs) poses an inherent threat to human health and the environment. To comprehensively grasp the environmental impacts of HAZMAT accidents, it is vital to estimate their potential spread. Although numerous studies have addressed associated risks, there is a need to distinguish the spread area of key HAZMATs. We conducted diffusion tests on an unmodified alpha-cellulose filter paper for four HAZMAT compounds: methanol, ethanol, hydrochloric acid, and sodium hydroxide, at set temperatures. We employed an analytical solution based on an amplitude diffusing mass model to compute the diffusion coefficients for each analyte with respect to temperature. Fick's second law was applied using the derived diffusion coefficient values to determine the maximum spread. A finite element model with a Crank−Nicolson formulation was used to assess the consistency between analytical and numerical models for each analyte. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Kolmogorov−Smirnov (K-S) tests were utilized to validate the model. We can adduce that even HAZMATs with similar functional groups may have different exposure pathway risks with temperature as a key factor. Key parameters, such as spread area, diffusion time, porosity, temperature, and retention factors, may be important spill-site characterization parameters.

中文翻译：

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估算危险物质在未改性纤维素滤纸上的扩散速率：对危险物质运输风险评估的影响

危险材料 (HAZMAT) 的运输对人类健康和环境构成固有威胁。为了全面掌握危险品事故的环境影响，评估其潜在的蔓延至关重要。尽管大量研究已经解决了相关风险，但仍需要区分关键危险物质的传播区域。我们在设定温度下对未改性的 α-纤维素滤纸进行了四种危险品化合物的扩散测试：甲醇、乙醇、盐酸和氢氧化钠。我们采用基于振幅扩散质量模型的解析解来计算每种分析物相对于温度的扩散系数。应用菲克第二定律，使用导出的扩散系数值来确定最大扩散。使用具有 Crank-Nicolson 公式的有限元模型来评估每种分析物的分析模型和数值模型之间的一致性。利用双向方差分析 (ANOVA) 和 Kolmogorov−Smirnov (KS) 检验来验证模型。我们可以推断，即使具有相似功能组的危险品也可能具有不同的暴露途径风险，其中温度是一个关键因素。关键参数，例如扩散面积、扩散时间、孔隙率、温度和保留因子，可能是重要的泄漏现场特征参数。