Intimate partner violence (IPV) disproportionally affects women. Using the vulnerability-adaptation stress model, we examined adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), self-esteem, and hope as vulnerability indicators and relationship status and length, positive and negative affect, and socioeconomic status (SES) as stressors to ascertain the risk for IPV. Women ( N = 491, M = 37.15, standard deviation = 12.51) completed an online survey comprised of the Positive and Negative Affect Scale, Rosenberg’s Self-esteem Scale, Snyder’s Hope Scale, ACE questionnaire, Composite Abuse Scale Revised–Short Form, and demographic questions. Factor analysis identified four ACE factors of sexual abuse, physical or psychological abuse, witnessing domestic violence, and household dysfunction. A five-step hierarchical multiple regression identified that greater exposure to physical or psychological child abuse was associated with an increased risk of IPV (Step 2), B = 0.73 [0.16, 1.34]. Lower self-esteem, B = −0.30 [−0.47, −0.14] predicted IPV (Step 3). Age B = 0.07 [0.01, 0.13], negative affect, B = 0.39 [0.19, 0.59], and relationship length, B = −1.24 [−2.16, 0.41] were associated with a higher risk of IPV (Step 4). In Step 5, previous variables attenuated to non-significance while age, B = 0.07 [0.01, 0.13], negative affect, B = 0.39 [0.19, 0.59], and relationship length B = −1.25 [−2.16, 0.41] remained significant. While the key findings of this study were inconsistent with some commonly reported findings (e.g., ACEs, self-esteem, hope, relationship status, SES, age), these inconsistencies are important to highlight given the factorial approach to examining ACEs, the comprehensive analyses conducted, and our examination of these variables’ direct relationship to IPV. The study was limited by its cross-sectional nature, higher prevalence of IPV victims, and not examining IPV sub-types. Similar studies need to be conducted for other relationship types and victimized individuals (e.g., same-sex relationships and male victims) to provide a complete picture of risk factors for IPV.

中文翻译：

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亲密伴侣暴力风险因素：脆弱性适应压力模型方法

亲密伴侣暴力 (IPV) 对女性的影响尤为严重。使用脆弱性适应压力模型，我们检查了不良童年经历（ACE）、自尊和希望作为脆弱性指标，以及关系状态和长度、积极和消极影响以及社会经济地位（SES）作为压力源，以确定IPV。女性（N = 491，M = 37.15，标准差 = 12.51）完成了一项在线调查，其中包括积极和消极情感量表、罗森伯格自尊量表、斯奈德希望量表、ACE 问卷、综合虐待量表修订简表以及人口统计问题。因素分析确定了四个 ACE 因素：性虐待、身体或心理虐待、目击家庭暴力和家庭功能障碍。五步分层多元回归发现，更多地接触儿童身体或心理虐待与 IPV 风险增加相关（步骤 2），B = 0.73 [0.16, 1.34]。自尊心较低，B = −0.30 [−0.47, −0.14] 预测 IPV（步骤 3）。年龄 B = 0.07 [0.01, 0.13]、负面情绪 B = 0.39 [0.19, 0.59] 和关系长度 B = −1.24 [−2.16, 0.41] 与较高的 IPV 风险相关（第 4 步）。在步骤 5 中，先前的变量减弱至不显着，而年龄 B = 0.07 [0.01, 0.13]、负面影响 B = 0.39 [0.19, 0.59] 和关系长度 B = −1.25 [−2.16, 0.41] 仍然显着。虽然本研究的主要结果与一些常见报告的结果（例如，ACE、自尊、希望、关系状态、SES、年龄）不一致，但考虑到检查 ACE 的阶乘方法，综合分析需要强调这些不一致之处。进行，并检查这些变量与 IPV 的直接关系。该研究因其横截面性质、IPV 受害者患病率较高以及未检查 IPV 亚型而受到限制。需要对其他关系类型和受害个体（例如同性关系和男性受害者）进行类似的研究，以全面了解 IPV 的风险因素。