Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae), the primary pest of guava (Psidium guajava), damages numerous horticulture fruits in tropical and subtropical regions. The use of insecticides for the management of this pest adversely affect agro-ecosystem and has environmental consequences. The repellent activity of Salix alba (Willow) bark extract and a Guava oil-based formulation was investigated to protect guava fruit from infestation by the fruit fly, B. dorsalis. In the laboratory experiments, the efficacy of these natural repellents was assessed. Bactrocera dorsalis significantly deterred guava fruit treated with S. alba formulation as compared to the extract alone, which exhibited significant anti-feeding activity, and caused a decline in fecundity rate by 60% and larval mortality rate by 90%. When females were allowed to oviposit on guava fruits in laboratory and field after mating, these flies preferred fruits for oviposition that were not sprayed with S. alba-guava oil formulation. GC-MS analysis showed esters and terpenes as the main components for exhibiting repellent property in S. alba-based formulation. Hence, guava oil formulation of S. alba showed a complete protection of guava fruits against B. dorsalis in the laboratory conditions to control infestation by B. dorsalis. Further research and field trials are warranted to optimize the application methods and assess the long-term effects on crop yield and overall fruit quality.

Graphical Abstract

中文翻译：

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白柳树皮提取物和番石榴油基制剂对东方果蝇、橘小实蝇（双翅目：实蝇科）的驱避活性

橘小实蝇（双翅目：实蝇科）是番石榴 ( Psidium guajava )的主要害虫，危害热带和亚热带地区的众多园艺水果。使用杀虫剂来防治这种害虫会对农业生态系统产生不利影响，并对环境造成影响。研究了柳树皮提取物和番石榴油基制剂的驱避活性，以保护番石榴果实免受果蝇B. dorsalis 的侵染。在实验室实验中，评估了这些天然驱虫剂的功效。与单独的提取物相比，用白葡萄制剂处理的番石榴果实显着抑制橘小实蝇，表现出显着的抗摄食活性，并导致繁殖率下降 60%，幼虫死亡率下降 90%。当交配后允许雌性在实验室和田间的番石榴果实上产卵时，这些苍蝇更喜欢未喷洒白番石榴油制剂的果实进行产卵。GC-MS 分析表明，酯类和萜烯类是银花配方中表现出驱避性能的主要成分。因此，白花番石榴油制剂在实验室条件下表现出对番石榴果实抵抗橘小实蝇的完全保护，以控制橘小实蝇的侵染。需要进一步的研究和田间试验来优化施用方法并评估对作物产量和整体水果质量的长期影响。

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