Irritability, defined as proneness to anger that may impair an individual’s functioning, is common in youths. There has been a recent upsurge in relevant research. The authors combine systematic and narrative review approaches to integrate the latest clinical and translational findings and provide suggestions for addressing research gaps. Clinicians and researchers should assess irritability routinely, and specific assessment tools are now available. Informant effects are prominent, are stable, and vary by age and gender. The prevalence of irritability is particularly high among individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder, and mood and anxiety disorders. Irritability is associated with impairment and suicidality risk independent of co-occurring diagnoses. Developmental trajectories of irritability (which may begin early in life) have been identified and are differentially associated with clinical outcomes. Youth irritability is associated with increased risk of anxiety, depression, behavioral problems, and suicidality later in life. Irritability is moderately heritable, and genetic associations differ based on age and comorbid illnesses. Parent management training is effective for treating psychological problems related to irritability, but its efficacy in treating irritability should be tested rigorously, as should novel mechanism-informed interventions (e.g., those targeting exposure to frustration). Associations between irritability and suicidality and the impact of cultural context are important, underresearched topics. Analyses of large, diverse longitudinal samples that extend into adulthood are needed. Data from both animal and human research indicate that aberrant responses to frustration and threat are central to the pathophysiology of irritability, revealing important translational opportunities.

易怒的定义是容易发怒，可能会损害个人的机能，在年轻人中很常见。近期相关研究热潮不断。作者结合系统性和叙述性综述方法，整合最新的临床和转化研究结果，并为解决研究差距提供建议。临床医生和研究人员应定期评估烦躁性，现在已有具体的评估工具。知情效应显着、稳定，且随年龄和性别的不同而变化。在患有注意力缺陷多动障碍、自闭症谱系障碍以及情绪和焦虑障碍的个体中，烦躁的患病率特别高。烦躁与损伤和自杀风险相关，与同时发生的诊断无关。烦躁的发展轨迹（可能从生命早期开始）已被确定，并且与临床结果存在不同的相关性。青少年的烦躁与日后焦虑、抑郁、行为问题和自杀的风险增加有关。烦躁具有中等程度的遗传性，遗传关联因年龄和合并症而异。家长管理培训对于治疗与烦躁相关的心理问题是有效的，但其治疗烦躁的功效应该经过严格的测试，新的基于机制的干预措施（例如，针对暴露于挫败感的干预措施）也应该经过严格的测试。烦躁和自杀之间的关联以及文化背景的影响是重要的、但研究不足的话题。需要对延续到成年期的大量、多样化的纵向样本进行分析。来自动物和人类研究的数据表明，对挫折和威胁的异常反应是烦躁病理生理学的核心，揭示了重要的转化机会。