Orbital pathologies can be broadly classified as ocular, extraocular soft-tissue (non-neoplastic and neoplastic), osseous, and traumatic. In this paper, we discuss the key imaging features and differential diagnoses of congenital and developmental lesions (dermoid cyst, dermolipoma), infective and inflammatory pathologies (pre-septal cellulitis, orbital cellulitis, optic neuritis, chalazion, thyroid ophthalmopathy, orbital pseudotumor), and non-neoplastic vascular anomalies (venous malformation, lymphatic malformation, carotid-cavernous fistula), emphasizing the key role of CT and MRI in the imaging work-up. In addition, we highlight the adjunctive role of ocular ultrasound in the diagnosis of dermoid cyst and chalazion, and discuss the primary role of ultrasound in the diagnosis of vascular malformations.

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中文翻译：

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小儿眼眶病变：非肿瘤性眼外软组织病变

眼眶病变可大致分为眼部、眼外软组织（非肿瘤性和肿瘤性）、骨性和外伤性。在本文中，我们讨论先天性和发育性病变（皮样囊肿、皮脂肪瘤）、感染性和炎症性病变（间隔前蜂窝织炎、眼眶蜂窝织炎、视神经炎、霰粒肿、甲状腺眼病、眼眶假瘤）的关键影像学特征和鉴别诊断，和非肿瘤性血管异常（静脉畸形、淋巴管畸形、颈动脉海绵窦瘘），强调 CT 和 MRI 在影像学检查中的关键作用。此外，我们强调了眼部超声在皮样囊肿和霰粒肿诊断中的辅助作用，并讨论了超声在血管畸形诊断中的主要作用。

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