By quantifying the soil water movement (SWM) in crop planting systems, we can better understand the soil water consumption (SWC) and crop yield relationship; this finding is significant for determining the field water cycle and reducing agricultural water waste. In this paper, a case study was conducted on cotton production. Soil moisture sensors were set at depths of 10–110 cm under three cotton cropping systems (monoculture cotton (MC), wheat/delayed intercropped cotton (WIC), and wheat/direct-seeded cotton (WDC)) based on spatial grid methods; a geostatistical grid calculus was used to calculate SWM; and the crop and meteorological influence mechanisms on cotton lint yield were comprehensively analyzed. At the squaring stage, SWC and vertical SWM were significantly correlated with light, temperature and water conditions. At the flowering and boll development stage, SWC and vertical SWM were collectively affected by meteorological conditions and crops, and they were positively correlated with lint yield. The aboveground and belowground biomass accumulation at the flowering and boll development stage positively affected vertical SWM in and between cotton rows. Vertical SWM in cotton rows increased SWC in cotton rows. SWC in cotton rows and aboveground biomass positively impacted lint yield formation; SWC between rows negatively impacted lint yield. The SWC and vertical SWM between rows in the MC seedling stage exceeded those in cotton rows, and more precise irrigation at the seedling stage reduced water waste. The WIC horizontal SWC at the squaring and flowering and boll opening stages was relatively high, moving from the row midline to cotton row. A better SWC distribution in and between cotton rows promoted water utilization in the cotton rows; this method was feasible for improving cotton yield in diverse planting systems. The results could optimize precision irrigation management at different cotton growth stages and provide a theoretical reference for promoting sustainable agricultural production and climate adaptation.

中文翻译：

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不同棉花种植制度下土壤水分运动可调节土壤水分消耗并提高棉花产量

通过量化作物种植系统中的土壤水分运动（SWM），我们可以更好地了解土壤水分消耗（SWC）与作物产量的关系；这一发现对于确定田间水循环和减少农业用水浪费具有重要意义。本文以棉花生产为例进行了案例研究。基于空间网格法，在三种棉花种植制度（单作棉（MC）、小麦/晚间作棉（WIC）、小麦/直播棉（WDC））10~110 cm深度设置土壤湿度传感器；使用地质统计网格演算来计算 SWM；综合分析了作物和气象对皮棉产量的影响机制。在现蕾阶段，SWC和垂直SWM与光照、温度和水分条件显着相关。花铃发育阶段，SWC和垂直SWM共同受到气象条件和作物的影响，与皮棉产量呈正相关。开花和棉铃发育阶段的地上和地下生物量积累对棉行内和行间的垂直SWM产生积极影响。棉行的垂直 SWM 增加了棉行的 SWC。棉行中的 SWC 和地上生物量对皮棉产量形成产生积极影响；行间的 SWC 对皮棉产量产生负面影响。MC苗期行间SWC和垂直SWM超过棉花行，苗期更精准的灌溉减少了水的浪费。现蕾、开花、吐絮期WIC水平SWC较高，由行中线向棉行移动。棉行内和棉行间SWC更好的分配促进了棉行的水分利用；该方法对于提高不同种植系统的棉花产量是可行的。研究结果可优化棉花不同生育阶段的精准灌溉管理，为促进农业可持续生产和气候适应提供理论参考。