Camels are highly suited for severe desert conditions and able to provide most of the natural products like urine, which has been used as alternative medicine to treat diverse infections and disorders. There is, however, a shortage and paucity of scientific reviews highlighting the antifungal, antibacterial and antiviral effects of camel urine. By better understanding its antimicrobial characteristics, our overarching aim is to provide an exhaustive overview of this valuable natural product by synthesizing and summarizing data on the efficacy of this biofluid and also describing the potential substances exhibiting antimicrobial properties. We searched three databases in order to point out relevant articles (Web of Science, Scopus and Google Scholar) until December 2022. Research articles of interest evaluating the antimicrobial effects of camel urine were selected. Overall, camel urine furnished promising antibacterial activities against gram-positive bacteria, namely (30 mm), (22 mm), (25 mm) and (21 mm), as well as gram-negative bacteria, especially and spp., without forgetting its efficiency on as well. The excretion also showed its potency against H1N1 virus, vesicular stomatitis virus and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Similarly, the camel urine featured strong antifungal activity against and dermatophytes with a minimal inhibitory concentration of 0.625 μg/ml against , 2.5 μg/ml against and 1.25 μg/ml against and . This comprehensive review will be valuable for researchers interested in investigating the potential of camel urine in the development of novel broad-spectrum key molecules targeting a wide range of drug-resistant pathogenic microorganisms.

中文翻译：

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骆驼尿液作为生物活性分子的潜在来源，显示其对抗病原体的功效：系统评价

骆驼非常适合恶劣的沙漠条件，并且能够提供大部分天然产物，例如尿液，尿液已被用作治疗各种感染和疾病的替代药物。然而，强调骆驼尿的抗真菌、抗菌和抗病毒作用的科学评论却很缺乏。通过更好地了解其抗菌特性，我们的首要目标是通过合成和总结有关这种生物流体功效的数据并描述具有抗菌特性的潜在物质，来全面概述这种有价值的天然产品。我们检索了三个数据库，以找出截至 2022 年 12 月的相关文章（Web of Science、Scopus 和 Google Scholar）。选择了评估骆驼尿液抗菌作用的感兴趣的研究文章。总体而言，骆驼尿液对革兰氏阳性菌（即（30 毫米）、（22 毫米）、（25 毫米）和（21 毫米）以及革兰氏阴性菌（尤其是 和 spp.）具有良好的抗菌活性，不要忘记它的效率也是如此。该排泄物还显示出其对抗 H1N1 病毒、水疱性口炎病毒和中东呼吸综合征冠状病毒的功效。同样，骆驼尿对 和 皮肤癣菌具有很强的抗真菌活性，对 、 和 的最低抑制浓度分别为 0.625 μg/ml、2.5 μg/ml 和 1.25 μg/ml。这篇全面的综述对于有兴趣研究骆驼尿在开发针对多种耐药病原微生物的新型广谱关键分子方面的潜力的研究人员来说非常有价值。