With the era of automated driving approaching, designing an effective auditory takeover request (TOR) is critical to ensure automated driving safety. The present study investigated the effects of speech-based (speech and spearcon) and non-speech-based (earcon and auditory icon) TORs on takeover performance and subjective preferences. The potential impact of the non-driving-related task (NDRT) modality on auditory TORs was considered. Thirty-two participants were recruited in the present study and assigned to two groups, with one group performing the visual N-back task and another performing the auditory N-back task during automated driving. They were required to complete four simulated driving blocks corresponding to four auditory TOR types. The earcon TOR was found to be the most suitable for alerting drivers to return to the control loop because of its advantageous takeover time, lane change time, and minimum time to collision. Although participants preferred the speech TOR, it led to relatively poor takeover performance. In addition, the auditory NDRT was found to have a detrimental impact on auditory TORs. When drivers were engaged in the auditory NDRT, the takeover time and lane change time advantages of earcon TORs no longer existed. These findings highlight the importance of considering the influence of auditory NDRTs when designing an auditory takeover interface. The present study also has some practical implications for researchers and designers when designing an auditory takeover system in automated vehicles.

中文翻译：

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各种听觉接管请求的影响：考虑非驾驶相关任务模式的模拟驾驶研究

随着自动驾驶时代的到来，设计有效的听觉接管请求（TOR）对于确保自动驾驶安全至关重要。本研究调查了基于语音（语音和 Spearcon）和非基于语音（earcon 和听觉图标）的 TOR 对接管绩效和主观偏好的影响。考虑了非驾驶相关任务 (NDRT) 模式对听觉 TOR 的潜在影响。本研究招募了 32 名参与者，并将其分为两组，一组在自动驾驶过程中执行视觉 N-back 任务，另一组执行听觉 N-back 任务。他们需要完成对应于四种听觉 TOR 类型的四个模拟驱动块。人们发现，earcon TOR 最适合提醒驾驶员返回控制回路，因为它具有有利的接管时间、变道时间和最短碰撞时间。尽管参与者更喜欢演讲TOR，但它导致接管绩效相对较差。此外，还发现听觉 NDRT 对听觉 TOR 具有不利影响。当驾驶员进行听觉 NDRT 时，earcon TOR 的接管时间和变道时间优势不再存在。这些发现凸显了在设计听觉接管界面时考虑听觉 NDRT 影响的重要性。本研究对于研究人员和设计人员在设计自动车辆中的听觉接管系统时也具有一些实际意义。