Fertilization can enhance crop yield and improve soil health. However, its effects on nutrient uptake, soil microbiota, and rice yield remain unclear. Herein, we designed a double-cropping system with different fertilization treatments to determine their contributions to paddy soil agroecosystem and rice yield. Soil samples were collected before planting the early rice, after harvesting early rice, and after harvesting the late rice. Soil physicochemical properties, and rice yield, and rice nutrient (total nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium contents) were determined. Variation of soil microbiota were also determined by high-throughput sequencing. We found that soil potassium content significantly improved during the planting process (P < 0.05), while rice phosphorus displayed significant variation under fertilization (P < 0.05). Notably, late rice yield was significantly higher than early rice yield (P < 0.001) after fertilization treatment. Furthermore, rice yield was positively correlated with available soil phosphorus (P < 0.05), indicating that fertilization promoted phosphorus uptake. Organic fertilizer altered the soil microbiota and increased Chloroflexi phyla abundance, while organic fertilizer combined with a compound microbial agent increased the diversity of soil microbial communities. A partial least squares path model revealed that fertilizer treatment directly positively affected rice yield by influencing phosphorus uptake and Shannon index (P < 0.01). Collectively, this study demonstrates that organic fertilization with compound microbial agents can stabilize soil nutrients, increase soil microbial diversity, and improve rice yield, thereby offering a guide for enhancing fertilizer utilization and improving agroecosystems.

中文翻译：

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施肥通过促进磷吸收和改变土壤微生物群来提高水稻生产力

施肥可以提高作物产量并改善土壤健康。然而，它对养分吸收、土壤微生物群和水稻产量的影响仍不清楚。在此，我们设计了具有不同施肥处理的双季制度，以确定它们对水稻土农业生态系统和水稻产量的贡献。在早稻种植前、早稻收获后和晚稻收获后采集土壤样品。测定土壤理化性质、水稻产量和水稻养分（总氮、磷和钾含量）。土壤微生物群的变化也通过高通量测序来确定。我们发现，种植过程中土壤钾含量显着提高（P < 0.05），而施肥下水稻磷含量变化显着（P < 0.05）。值得注意的是，施肥处理后晚稻产量显着高于早稻产量（P < 0.001）。此外，水稻产量与土壤有效磷呈正相关（P < 0.05），表明施肥促进了磷的吸收。有机肥改变了土壤微生物群并增加了氯柔福西有机肥与复合微生物菌剂的结合增加了土壤微生物群落的多样性。偏最小二乘路径模型显示，肥料处理通过影响磷吸收和香农指数，对水稻产量产生直接正向影响（P < 0.01）。综上，本研究表明，复合微生物菌剂有机肥可以稳定土壤养分，增加土壤微生物多样性，提高水稻产量，从而为提高肥料利用率和改善农业生态系统提供指导。