Globally, the incidence of diabetes mellitus (DM) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) is increasing year by year, causing a huge economic and social burden, and their pathogenesis and aetiology have been proven to have a certain correlation. In recent years, more and more studies have shown that vacuolar adenosine triphosphatases (v‐ATPases) in eukaryotes, which are biomolecules regulating lysosomal acidification and glycolipid metabolism, play a key role in DM and AD. This article describes the role of v‐ATPase in DM and AD, including its role in glycolysis, insulin secretion and insulin resistance (IR), as well as its relationship with lysosomal acidification, autophagy and β‐amyloid (Aβ). In DM, v‐ATPase is involved in the regulation of glucose metabolism and IR. v‐ATPase is closely related to glycolysis. On the one hand, v‐ATPase affects the rate of glycolysis by affecting the secretion of insulin and changing the activities of key glycolytic enzymes hexokinase (HK) and phosphofructokinase 1 (PFK‐1). On the other hand, glucose is the main regulator of this enzyme, and the assembly and activity of v‐ATPase depend on glucose, and glucose depletion will lead to its decomposition and inactivation. In addition, v‐ATPase can also regulate free fatty acids, thereby improving IR. In AD, v‐ATPase can not only improve the abnormal brain energy metabolism by affecting lysosomal acidification and autophagy but also change the deposition of Aβ by affecting the production and degradation of Aβ. Therefore, v‐ATPase may be the bridge between DM and AD.

中文翻译：

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糖尿病和阿尔茨海默病：液泡三磷酸腺苷酶作为潜在的联系

在全球范围内，糖尿病（DM）和阿尔茨海默病（AD）的发病率逐年上升，造成巨大的经济和社会负担，其发病机制和病因学已被证明具有一定的相关性。近年来，越来越多的研究表明，真核生物中的液泡三磷酸腺苷酶（v-ATPases）作为调节溶酶体酸化和糖脂代谢的生物分子，在DM和AD中发挥着关键作用。本文介绍了 v-ATPase 在 DM 和 AD 中的作用，包括其在糖酵解、胰岛素分泌和胰岛素抵抗 (IR) 中的作用，以及其与溶酶体酸化、自噬和 β-淀粉样蛋白 (Aβ) 的关系。在 DM 中，v-ATP 酶参与葡萄糖代谢和 IR 的调节。v-ATP酶与糖酵解密切相关。一方面，v-ATP酶通过影响胰岛素的分泌和改变关键糖酵解酶己糖激酶（HK）和磷酸果糖激酶1（PFK-1）的活性来影响糖酵解速率。另一方面，葡萄糖是该酶的主要调节剂，v-ATP酶的组装和活性依赖于葡萄糖，葡萄糖消耗会导致其分解和失活。此外，v-ATPase还可以调节游离脂肪酸，从而改善IR。在AD中，v-ATPase不仅可以通过影响溶酶体酸化和自噬来改善异常的脑能量代谢，还可以通过影响Aβ的产生和降解来改变Aβ的沉积。因此，v-ATPase可能是DM和AD之间的桥梁。