Elderly individuals commonly experience the risk of dysphagia or difficulties in eating and swallowing food safely. Three-dimensional (3D) food printing is a promising technique widely used in customized food development. This paper reviewed the potential of 3D food printing in nutritional customization and textural modification of personalized food for the elderly with dysphagia. 3D food printing can be used to re-formulate the food ink by combining more than one type of food materials to ensure high calorie and nutrient intake, improve sensory quality, and prevent malnutrition; thus, understanding the functional properties of such macronutrients compounds is essential to design food ink that meets personalized nutrient requirements. Hydrocolloids have been commonly used to modify the desired soft texture and consistent viscoelastic properties of 3D-printed elderly food, as well as improve printability and structural stability. The food standard guidelines have been established and used to categorize texture-modified foods to ensure easy to eat and safe swallowing for the elderly with swallowing difficulties. Finally, the production of personalized food using 3D printing may provide more food options, facilitate safe oral intake, and increase calorie intake to improve the healthy mealtime experience for the elderly.

中文翻译：

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3D打印在吞咽困难老年人个性化食品营养和质地定制方面的潜力

老年人通常存在吞咽困难或安全进食和吞咽食物困难的风险。三维（3D）食品打印是一种广泛应用于定制食品开发的有前途的技术。本文综述了3D食品打印在针对吞咽困难老年人的个性化食品的营养定制和质地修饰方面的潜力。3D食品打印可以通过组合多类食品材料来重新配制食品墨水，以保证高热量和营养摄入，提高感官质量，防止营养不良；因此，了解此类常量营养素化合物的功能特性对于设计满足个性化营养需求的食品墨水至关重要。亲水胶体通常用于改变 3D 打印老年食品所需的柔软质地和一致的粘弹性，以及提高可打印性和结构稳定性。食品标准指南已经制定并用于对质地改良食品进行分类，以确保吞咽困难的老年人易于食用和安全吞咽。最后，利用3D打印生产个性化食品可以提供更多的食物选择，促进安全的口服摄入，并增加卡路里的摄入量，从而改善老年人的健康用餐体验。