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The study investigates the existing scenario and spatial distribution pattern disparity of service distribution of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) and waste management services (WMS) in urban informal settlements within the Zaria metropolis and generates recommendations for the policymakers for improvements. The study highlights challenges in urban settlements, including insufficient water, sanitation, and waste services, contributing to diseases like diarrhea and cholera. It stresses the importance of better water quality, sanitation, and waste management, and highlights the impact of governance and policies on service gaps. It also suggests using collaborative methods and technologies like GIS for solutions, employing GIS and statistics to analyze service availability and access for residents. The findings underscore the dominant role of the private sector in water treatment plant distribution (71.43%) over public facilities (28.57%). It highlights disparities in toilet types between public and private spaces: pit toilets (55.11%) are prevalent in public restrooms, while the data indicate that most water sources are poorly maintained: Only 0.50% of boreholes are newly constructed, while a significant 43.15% are poorly maintained, and 30.62% are well maintained. Moreover, private toilets are predominantly pit toilets, constituting 3.11% of the total, with no water closets toilets reported.

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该研究调查了扎里亚大都市内城市非正式住区中水、环境卫生和个人卫生 (WASH) 和废物管理服务 (WMS) 服务分配的现有情景和空间分布模式差异，并为政策制定者提出改进建议。该研究强调了城市住区面临的挑战，包括水、卫生设施和废物处理服务不足，导致腹泻和霍乱等疾病。它强调了改善水质、卫生和废物管理的重要性，并强调了治理和政策对服务差距的影响。它还建议使用协作方法和技术（例如 GIS）作为解决方案，利用 GIS 和统计数据来分析居民的服务可用性和获取情况。调查结果强调了私营部门在水处理厂分布中的主导作用（71.43%）超过了公共设施（28.57%）。它凸显了公共和私人空间厕所类型的差异：公共厕所普遍存在坑式厕所（55.11%），而数据表明大多数水源维护不善：只有0.50%的钻孔是新建的，而高达43.15%的钻孔是新建的。维护较差的占30.62%，维护良好的占30.62%。此外，私人厕所以坑式厕所为主，占总数的3.11%，没有水厕厕所的报道。