This article brings together temporality and gender in the refugee process and examines how refugee determination bodies and courts have interpreted gendered threats, as a specific form of intimate partner violence. A case law review of jurisdictions (that include Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the UK) is conducted, revealing a flawed temporal phenomenon where decision-makers have focused primarily on the exogenous aspect of threats, namely, whether there is a real chance of a threat being actuated in the future, and have largely failed to assess the endogenous, psychological dimension of the threat, that encompasses past, present, and future aspects of time. The practice of treating threats of violence as a potential future harm rather than an already occurring harm exhibits an obvious privileging of the future over the present that is not rooted in the empirical evidence on intimate partner violence. Further, the predominant focus by decision-makers on isolated future events as harm fails to accommodate the broad temporal dimensions of systemic intimate partner violence, best suited to a predicament-based model of being persecuted. This article explores the temporal shortcomings and gendered interpretations that underpin this erroneous practice in case law, finding that the temporal governance of refugee law is still largely shaped by the male gaze and conceptualisations of masculinity and femininity, which contributes to the limited recognition of threats as a form of harm in themselves.

中文翻译：

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亲密伴侣暴力的暂时性——了解时间和性别威胁如何促进保护的积极成果

本文将难民程序中的时间性和性别结合在一起，并探讨了难民认定机构和法院如何将性别威胁解释为亲密伴侣暴力的一种具体形式。对司法管辖区（包括澳大利亚、加拿大、新西兰和英国）进行了判例法审查，揭示了一种有缺陷的时间现象，即决策者主要关注威胁的外生方面，即是否存在真正的机会威胁在未来发生，并且在很大程度上未能评估威胁的内生心理层面，包括过去、现在和未来的时间方面。将暴力威胁视为潜在的未来伤害而不是已经发生的伤害的做法表现出明显的未来优先于当前的做法，而这种特权并非植根于亲密伴侣暴力的经验证据。此外，决策者主要关注孤立的未来事件作为伤害，无法适应系统性亲密伴侣暴力的广泛时间维度，而这最适合基于困境的受迫害模式。本文探讨了判例法中这种错误做法的时间缺陷和性别解释，发现难民法的时间治理仍然在很大程度上受到男性目光和男性气质和女性气质概念化的影响，这导致对威胁的有限认识对自己造成伤害的一种形式。