The development of advanced anode materials to overcome the slow kinetic processes and severe volume expansion of potassium ion batteries (PIBs) is critical for their further application in large-scale energy storage. Carbon materials, with their low cost, superior electroconductibility, modifiability and flexibility, store potassium by the formation of potassium bonds through the process of K⁺ adsorption on their surfaces or insertion into their interlayers. Due to the large radius of K⁺ with slow reaction kinetics and poor cycling stability, it is difficult for carbon anodes to exhibit superior comprehensive potassium properties without modification. Therefore, the intrinsic structure modification of carbon materials to change the state of the potassium bond via heteroatom doping engineering has been widely applied. This modification can regulate the electronic structure and interface state by increasing active sites, increasing K⁺ adsorption energy, accelerating electron migration and K⁺ diffusion as well as accommodating the volume effect to improve potassium storage performance. This review not only summarizes the latest advancements of single/double/triple heteroatom-doping carbon materials in tunable design, controllable synthesis and electrochemical performance elevation, but also attempts to decipher the underlying potassium storage mechanism from the perspective of the potassium bond. Finally, critical issues, challenges, and perspectives are discussed to propose the future direction of heteroatom-doped carbon materials for state-of-the-art PIBs.

中文翻译：

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固有碳结构修饰克服了钾键化学的挑战

开发先进的负极材料来克服钾离子电池（PIB）的缓慢动力学过程和严重的体积膨胀对于其在大规模储能中的进一步应用至关重要。^{碳材料具有低成本、优异的导电性、可改性性和灵活性，通过K +}吸附在其表面或插入其层间的过程中形成钾键来储存钾。由于K ⁺半径较大，反应动力学慢，循环稳定性差，碳负极在不进行改性的情况下很难表现出优异的综合钾性能。因此，通过杂原子掺杂工程对碳材料进行本征结构修饰以改变钾键状态已得到广泛应用。这种修饰可以通过增加活性位点、增加K ⁺吸附能、加速电子迁移和K ⁺扩散以及调节体积效应来调节电子结构和界面态，从而提高储钾性能。该综述不仅总结了单/双/三杂原子掺杂碳材料在可调设计、可控合成和电化学性能提升方面的最新进展，而且试图从钾键的角度解读潜在的储钾机制。最后，讨论了关键问题、挑战和前景，以提出最先进的 PIB 杂原子掺杂碳材料的未来方向。