: The role of non-receptor type Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase (PTPases) in controlling pathways related to diabetes and Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) is significant. The insulin signal transduction pathway is regulated by the steady-state phosphorylation of tyrosyl residues of the insulin receptor and post-receptor substrates. PTPase has been shown to have a physiological role in the regulation of reversible tyrosine phosphorylation. There are several non-receptor type PTPases. PTPase containing the SH-2 domain (SHP-2) and the non-receptor type PTPase (PTP1B; encoded by the PTPN1 gene) are involved in negative regulation of the insulin signaling pathway, thereby indicating that the pathway can be made more efficient by the reduction in the activity of specific PTPases. Reduction in insulin resistance may be achieved by drugs targeting these specific enzymes. The modifications in the receptor and post-receptor events of insulin signal transduction give rise to insulin resistance, and a link between insulin-resistant states and HCC has been established. The cancer cells thrive on higher levels of energy and their growth gets encouraged since insulin-resistant states lead to greater glucose levels. Cancer, hyperglycemia, and hypoglycemia are highly linked through various pathways hence, clarifying the molecular mechanisms through which non-receptor type PTPase regulates the insulin signal transduction is necessary to find an effective target for cancer. Targeting the pathways related to PTPases; both receptor and non-receptor types, may lead to an effective candidate to fight against diabetes and HCC.

中文翻译：

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非受体型 PTPase 及其在控制糖尿病和肝癌信号转导相关途径中的作用

：非受体型蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶 (PTPases) 在控制与糖尿病和肝细胞癌 (HCC) 相关的通路中的作用非常重要。胰岛素信号转导途径由胰岛素受体酪氨酰残基和受体后底物的稳态磷酸化调节。PTPase 已被证明在调节可逆酪氨酸磷酸化方面具有生理作用。有几种非受体型 PTPase。含有 SH-2 结构域的 PTPase (SHP-2) 和非受体型 PTPase (PTP1B；由 PTPN1 基因编码) 参与胰岛素信号传导途径的负调节，从而表明可以通过以下方式使该途径更加有效：特定 PTPase 活性的降低。通过针对这些特定酶的药物可以减少胰岛素抵抗。胰岛素信号转导的受体和受体后事件的修饰会引起胰岛素抵抗，并且胰岛素抵抗状态与 HCC 之间的联系已被确立。癌细胞在更高水平的能量下茁壮成长，并且由于胰岛素抵抗状态导致更高的葡萄糖水平，它们的生长受到鼓励。癌症、高血糖和低血糖通过多种途径高度相关，因此，阐明非受体型PTPase调节胰岛素信号转导的分子机制对于寻找癌症的有效靶点是必要的。针对与 PTPases 相关的途径；受体和非受体类型，可能会成为对抗糖尿病和肝癌的有效候选者。