This research examines the atmospheric patterns associated with damages caused by extreme snowfalls during a 115-year period, using newspapers as the source to document the events and performing then a synthetic damage index. Between 1900 and 2015 there was 180 days with personal and material damages due to snowfalls (without considering associated hazards as snow avalanches or landslides): Apart from the numerous material damages recorded, 60 people were killed and 254 injured. Advections from the north represented a 30% of damaging days (followed by cyclonic and northeastern) accumulating the greatest number of days in the highest deciles of damage, although cyclonic days were the most damaging ones on average. The analysis of data from five weather stations in the area, allowed to relate weather types with temperature and precipitation extremes, showing that northern and cyclonic types led to the lowest temperature and the highest precipitation. Both the number of events and the damage index decreased throughout the study period, with the most serious events (those that caused deaths and injuries) highly concentrated in the first half of the 20th century. This decrease trend is parallel to that observed in the frequency of two of the most damaging advections, northern and northeastern (responsible for a 46.7% of damage), which have gone from representing 7.3% of days before 1930 to 5.8% after 1990. Futhermore, the relationship between the NAO phases and the days of damage has been examined, noting that damages are less frequent and les intense during the NAO's positive phase. Finally, non-atmospheric drivers such as land-use intensity decline in rural areas and Spanish regulations on roof snow loads standards (initiated in the 1960s and refined subsequently, thus mitigating roof collapses and associated casualties), could have partially contributed to the decline in snowfall damage in the area.

中文翻译：

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坎塔布连山脉（西班牙西北部）的极端降雪和大气环流模式

这项研究调查了 115 年期间与极端降雪造成的损害相关的大气模式，使用报纸作为记录事件的来源，然后执行综合损害指数。 1900 年至 2015 年间，有 180 天因降雪造成人身和物质损失（不考虑雪崩或山体滑坡等相关危险）：除了记录的大量物质损失外，还有 60 人死亡、254 人受伤。来自北部的平流占破坏性天数的 30%（其次是气旋和平流），在最高十分位数的破坏中累积的天数最多，尽管气旋日是平均破坏性最大的天数。通过对该地区五个气象站的数据进行分析，可以将天气类型与极端温度和降水联系起来，结果表明，北部和气旋类型导致了最低的气温和最高的降水。在整个研究期间，事件数量和损害指数均有所下降，最严重的事件（造成死亡和受伤的事件）高度集中在 20 世纪上半叶。这种下降趋势与北部和平流东北部这两个最具破坏性的平流（造成 46.7% 的损害）的频率相平行，这两个平流从 1930 年之前占天数的 7.3% 下降到 1990 年之后的 5.8%。 ，我们检查了 NAO 阶段与损害天数之间的关系，注意到在 NAO 正阶段期间损害频率较低且强度较小。最后，非大气驱动因素，例如农村地区土地利用强度下降和西班牙关于屋顶雪荷载标准的规定（于 20 世纪 60 年代启动，随后进行了完善，从而减轻了屋顶倒塌和相关人员伤亡），可能在一定程度上导致了降雨量下降。该地区的降雪造成损害。