Exosomes are nano-sized membrane extracellular vesicles which can be released from various types of cells. Exosomes originating from inflammatory or injured cells can have detrimental effects on recipient cells, while exosomes derived from stem cells not only facilitate the repair and regeneration of damaged tissues but also inhibit inflammation and provide protective effects against various diseases, suggesting they may serve as an alternative strategy of stem cells transplantation. Exosomes have a fundamental role in communication between cells, through the transfer of proteins, bioactive lipids and nucleic acids (like miRNAs and mRNAs) between cells. This transfer significantly impacts both the physiological and pathological functions of recipient cells. Nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (Nrf2), a transcription factor, is able to mitigate damage caused by oxidative stress and inflammation through various signaling pathways. The positive effects resulting from the activation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway in different disorders have been documented in various types of literature. Studies have confirmed that exosomes derived from stem cells could act as Nrf2 effective agonists. However, limited studies have explored the Nrf2 role in the therapeutic effects of stem cell-derived exosomes. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the existing knowledge concerning the role of Nrf2 signaling pathways in the impact exerted by stem cell exosomes in some common diseases.

中文翻译：

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Nrf2 激活：干细胞外泌体介导疗法的关键机制

外泌体是纳米尺寸的膜细胞外囊泡，可以从各种类型的细胞中释放。源自炎症或受损细胞的外泌体可能对受体细胞产生有害影响，而源自干细胞的外泌体不仅促进受损组织的修复和再生，还能抑制炎症并对各种疾病提供保护作用，这表明它们可以作为替代品干细胞移植策略。外泌体通过细胞间蛋白质、生物活性脂质和核酸（如 miRNA 和 mRNA）的转移，在细胞间通讯中发挥着重要作用。这种转移显着影响受体细胞的生理和病理功能。核因子红细胞 2 相关因子 2 (Nrf2) 是一种转录因子，能够通过各种信号通路减轻氧化应激和炎症造成的损伤。Nrf2 信号通路激活在不同疾病中产生的积极作用已在各种类型的文献中得到记录。研究证实，干细胞来源的外泌体可以作为 Nrf2 的有效激动剂。然而，有限的研究探索了 Nrf2 在干细胞源性外泌体治疗效果中的作用。这篇综述全面概述了有关 Nrf2 信号通路在干细胞外泌体对一些常见疾病的影响中的作用的现有知识。