Cotton serves as a vital economic driver within the agricultural sector of Mississippi. The seeds of cotton are rich in fat and protein content, making them a cost-effective alternative to soybean meal and other expensive protein sources. Additionally, cottonseed is the primary source of gossypol, a phenolic compound with significant potential for natural parasite control. The rumen microbiota, a diverse community of microorganisms, has a pivotal role in nutrient digestion and detoxification. However, the impact of cottonseed on rumen microbial ecosystems remains largely unexplored. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of cottonseed supplementation on the rumen microbiota of meat goats with and without the challenge of parasites. Forty female weaned Boer × Spanish crossed meat goats were assigned to one of the four treatments (n = 10 per treatment) in a 2 × 2 factorial design consisting of control group (CON), parasite challenge group (P), cottonseed supplementation (0.5% body weight) without parasite challenge group (CS-NP), and CS supplementation with parasite challenge group (CS-P). The parasite challenge was performed with a dose of 4,000 infective third-stage larvae of Haemonchus contortus per animal. After 25 d following the first dose, the treatments were applied for 10 wk. The goats were slaughtered at the end of the experiment, and rumen digesta samples were collected for microbiota analysis using high-resolution full-length 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. The results revealed that the parasite challenge significantly reduced the number of bacterial species in the rumen (P = 0.032), regardless of cottonseed supplement. Anaeromassilibacillus senegalensis, which has been isolated from kwashiorkor (severe protein malnutrition) patient, Hungateiclostridium aldrichii, and Mogibacterium diversum were enriched in rumen of P group, while Anaerocella delicata and the rumen lipolytic organism Anaerovibrio lipolyticus were reduced compared with the CON group [linear discriminant analysis (LDA) scores > 3.6]. Cottonseed supplementation did not affect the number of bacterial species in the rumen of parasite-challenged goats, but it did lead to an increase of Anaerovibrio lipolyticus (P = 0.008) and a reduction of Anaeromassilibacillus senegalensis (P = 0.007). Moreover, cottonseed supplementation tended to increase the number of bacterial species in the rumen of meat goats without parasite challenge (P = 0.08) and increased the relative abundance of butyrate-producing bacteria such as Pseudobutyrivibrio xylanivorans and Intestinimonas butyriciproducens, along with the butanol-producing bacteria Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum (LDA scores > 2). Conversely, cottonseed supplementation inhibited cellulolytic bacteria Fibrobacter succinogenes, polysaccharide-degrading bacteria Butyrivibrio proteoclasticus, and several Prevotella species, including P. oris, P. loescheii, P. copri, and P. albensis (LDA score > 2). In conclusion, parasite challenge affects the rumen microbial diversity and certain bacterial species that utilize protein and lipids, and cottonseed supplementation partially restores the altered rumen microbial ecosystem of the parasite-challenged meat goats.

中文翻译：

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50 补充棉籽对遭受寄生虫感染的肉山羊瘤胃微生物群的影响

棉花是密西西比州农业部门的重要经济驱动力。棉花种子富含脂肪和蛋白质，使其成为豆粕和其他昂贵蛋白质来源的经济高效替代品。此外，棉籽是棉酚的主要来源，棉酚是一种酚类化合物，具有天然寄生虫控制的巨大潜力。瘤胃微生物群是一个多样化的微生物群落，在营养物质消化和解毒中发挥着关键作用。然而，棉籽对瘤胃微生物生态系统的影响在很大程度上仍未被探索。本研究的目的是研究补充棉籽对有或没有寄生虫挑战的肉山羊瘤胃微生物群的影响。40 只雌性断奶波尔×西班牙杂交肉山羊被分配到 4 个处理之一（每个处理 n = 10），采用 2 × 2 析因设计，包括对照组（CON）、寄生虫攻击组（P）、棉籽补充剂（0.5 ％体重），无寄生虫攻击组（CS-NP），以及补充CS与寄生虫攻击组（CS-P）。每只动物使用 4,000 只感染性捻转血矛线虫第三阶段幼虫进行寄生虫攻击。第一次给药后25天后，治疗持续10周。实验结束时宰杀山羊，收集瘤胃食糜样本，使用高分辨率全长 16S rRNA 基因扩增子测序进行微生物群分析。结果显示，无论是否补充棉籽，寄生虫攻击都会显着减少瘤胃中细菌种类的数量（P = 0.032）。与 CON 组相比，从 Kwashiorkor（严重蛋白质营养不良）患者中分离出的 Anaeromassilibacillus senegalensis、Hungateiclostridium aldrichii 和 Mogibacterum 在 P 组瘤胃中富集，而 Anaerocella delicata 和瘤胃解脂微生物 Anaerovibrio lipolyticus 与 CON 组相比有所减少 [线性判别式分析(LDA)分数> 3.6]。补充棉籽并不影响受寄生虫攻击的山羊瘤胃中细菌种类的数量，但确实导致解脂厌氧弧菌增加（P = 0.008）和塞内加尔厌氧杆菌减少（P = 0.007）。此外，补充棉籽往往会增加未经寄生虫攻击的肉山羊瘤胃中的细菌种类数量（P = 0.08），并增加产生丁酸的细菌（例如 Pseudobutyrivibrio xylanivorans 和 Intestinimonas butyriciproductns）以及产生丁醇的细菌的相对丰度。细菌糖丁丙酮梭菌(LDA评分>2)。相反，补充棉籽可抑制纤维素分解菌 Fibrobacter succinogenes、多糖降解菌 Butyrivibrio proteoclasticus 和几种普雷沃氏菌，包括 P. oris、P. loescheii、P. copri 和 P. albensis (LDA评分> 2)。总之，寄生虫攻击会影响瘤胃微生物多样性和某些利用蛋白质和脂质的细菌种类，而棉籽补充可以部分恢复遭受寄生虫攻击的肉山羊改变的瘤胃微生物生态系统。