Small ruminants in the Southeast are predominantly raised outdoors, regardless of seasons and associated weather conditions. Severe weather in winter can decline the performance of pregnant animals and compromise their performance and immunological states. Indoor raising of pregnant animals during winter may minimize the adverse effect of cold stress; however, such potential has not been evaluated. This study hypothesized that performance, GI-parasite burden, and immune response would differ between pregnant does raised outdoor and indoor during winter. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance, GI-parasite burden, and hematological, biochemical, and immunological parameters of pregnant does raised outdoor and indoor in winter. The study was conducted from late January to early April 2023. Sixteen pregnant Kiko does were divided into outdoor and indoor groups. Outdoor group was kept in one grazing plot consisting of mobile shelters, mineral feeders, hay feeders, and watering troughs. Indoor group was kept in individual pens consisting of containers for water, minerals, hay, and grain. Both groups were given corn and soybean mixed in 3:2 ratio (0.8% of animal body weight), ad libitum hay, minerals, and water. Daily ambient temperature and relative humidity (RH) data were collected for both sites, and temperature-humidity index (THI) was calculated. Animal performance data [body weight, body condition score (BCS), and FAMACHA score] and fecal samples were collected on d 1, weekly during the study, and at the end of the study. Fecal samples were analyzed for the type and quantity of GI parasites using the McMaster technique, and parasite eggs per gram of animal feces (EPG) was calculated. Blood samples were collected on d 1, 34, and 69 and analyzed for hematological, biochemical, and immunological parameters. Data on weather, animal performance, and hematological, biochemical, and immunological parameters were analyzed using the GLM procedure and EPG data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon Rank-Sum test in SAS 9.4. Indoor temperature was higher (7%, P < 0.01), RH was lower (8%, P < 0.05), and THI was higher (5%, P < 0.01) vs. outdoor. Overall, indoor does had better FAMACHA by 9% (P < 0.05) and greater EPG by 35% (P < 0.05). Eosinophils were reduced by 73% (P < 0.05), calcium was increased by 11% (P < 0.01), and total bilirubin was greater by 86% (P < 0.05) in indoor does at the end of the study (P < 0.05) vs. outdoor does. Results showed that performance, GI-parasite burden, and biochemical and immunological parameters of pregnant does were influenced by the rearing system during winter.

中文翻译：

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92 饲养系统影响冬季怀孕母牛的性能、胃肠道寄生虫负担和免疫状况

东南部的小型反刍动物主要在户外饲养，无论季节和相关天气条件如何。冬季的恶劣天气会降低怀孕动物的性能并损害其性能和免疫状态。冬季在室内饲养怀孕动物可以最大限度地减少冷应激的不利影响；然而，这种潜力尚未得到评估。这项研究假设冬季在室外和室内饲养的怀孕母犬的表现、胃肠道寄生虫负担和免疫反应会有所不同。本研究的目的是评估冬季室外和室内饲养的怀孕母兔的性能、胃肠道寄生虫负荷以及血液学、生化和免疫学参数。该研究于 2023 年 1 月底至 4 月初进行。16 只怀孕的 Kiko 被分为室外组和室内组。户外组被饲养在一个由移动庇护所、矿物质喂料器、干草喂料器和饮水槽组成的放牧场地中。室内组被关在单独的围栏中，围栏内有水、矿物质、干草和谷物的容器。两组均饲喂按 3:2 比例混合的玉米和大豆（动物体重的 0.8%）、随意采食的干草、矿物质和水。收集两个站点的每日环境温度和相对湿度（RH）数据，并计算温湿度指数（THI）。在第 1 天、研究期间每周和研究结束时收集动物性能数据 [体重、身体状况评分 (BCS) 和 FAMACHA 评分] 和粪便样本。使用麦克马斯特技术分析粪便样本中胃肠道寄生虫的类型和数量，并计算每克动物粪便中的寄生虫卵（EPG）。在第 1、34 和 69 天收集血样并分析血液学、生化和免疫学参数。使用 GLM 程序分析天气、动物性能以及血液学、生化和免疫学参数的数据，并使用 SAS 9.4 中的 Wilcoxon Rank-Sum 检验分析 EPG 数据。与室外相比，室内温度较高（7%，P < 0.01），RH较低（8%，P < 0.05），THI较高（5%，P < 0.01）。总体而言，室内的 FAMACHA 提高了 9%（P < 0.05），EPG 提高了 35%（P < 0.05）。研究结束时，室内实验中嗜酸性粒细胞减少了 73%（P < 0.05），钙增加了 11%（P < 0.01），总胆红素增加了 86%（P < 0.05）。 P < 0.05) 与室外相比。结果表明，冬季饲养系统会影响怀孕母猪的生产性能、胃肠道寄生虫负荷以及生化和免疫学参数。