This study examined out-of-school oral willingness to communicate (WTC) in two modes of communication – face-to-face (FtF) and digital – among secondary school students of English as a foreign language (EFL) in Poland and Spain. It also examined the associations between affective factors and intercultural sensitivity with WTC in both settings. A total of 1,480 students from 17 schools in Poland and 1,128 students from 11 schools in Spain participated in this study. The study found that learners from both national contexts shared extremely similar levels of out-of-class oral WTC in the two settings. After controlling for sociodemographic factors (age, gender, socioeconomic status, and relative self-assessed spoken competence), hierarchical regression analyses revealed that Foreign Classroom Language Anxiety (FLCA), Foreign Language Enjoyment (FLE), and intercultural sensitivity were predictors of the two communicative settings in both contexts, although the relative importance of predictors differed in each case, as determined by the dominance analyses. Intercultural sensitivity, a factor that has seldom been investigated in relation to WTC, emerged as the most influential predictor for oral WTC in both communication environments within the two study samples. The study also discusses the implications for both research and foreign language pedagogy.

中文翻译：

---

情感因素、跨文化敏感性和课外口头交流意愿：一项针对波兰和西班牙 EFL 中学学习者的研究

本研究调查了波兰和西班牙英语作为外语 (EFL) 的中学生以面对面 (FtF) 和数字两种交流方式进行校外口头交流意愿 (WTC) 的情况。它还研究了两种环境下世贸中心的情感因素和跨文化敏感性之间的关联。共有来自波兰17所学校的1,480名学生和来自西班牙11所学校的1,128名学生参与了这项研究。研究发现，来自两个国家的学习者在两种环境下的课外口语 WTC 水平极其相似。在控制了社会人口因素（年龄、性别、社会经济地位和相对自评口语能力）后，层次回归分析显示，外语课堂语言焦虑（FLCA）、外语享受（FLE）和跨文化敏感性是这两者的预测因素尽管根据优势分析确定，预测因素的相对重要性在每种情况下都不同，但在两种情况下的交际环境中都存在差异。跨文化敏感性是一个很少被研究与 WTC 相关的因素，但在两个研究样本的两种沟通环境中，跨文化敏感性成为口头 WTC 最有影响力的预测因素。该研究还讨论了对研究和外语教学的影响。