Abstract

Global warming driven primarily by human activity, underscores the urgency of reducing reliance on fossil fuels and curbing greenhouse gas emissions. The construction sector alone accounted for a staggering 37% of all carbon emissions in 2021. The application of solar architectural principles is emerging as a key strategy to reduce the carbon footprint of civil buildings. This approach includes passive and active solar techniques, alongside energy-efficient measures. Passive strategies include optimal building orientation, envelope improvements to minimize heat exchange, and the use of shading devices. Active measures include the integration of renewable energy sources. In a practical demonstration, a residential building in Russia’s Kaliningrad region illustrates the implementation of these principles. Using passive solar measures and rigorous energy calculations, the building achieved an A+ energy saving class. In addition, the integration of active solar elements, including a 4.5 m² evacuated thermal collector and 3.56 kW photovoltaic panels, along with an air-to-water heat pump, resulted in a 72% reduction in annual energy consumption for heating, hot water, and electricity—from 27.695 to 7.697 kWh. This results in a significant reduction of 10 tons of carbon emissions per year. This illustrates the potential of solar architecture in advancing sustainable building practices.

中文翻译：

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太阳能建筑原理在土木工程中的应用提高建筑能源效率

摘要

主要由人类活动驱动的全球变暖凸显了减少对化石燃料的依赖和遏制温室气体排放的紧迫性。2021 年，仅建筑行业就占所有碳排放量的 37%，令人震惊。太阳能建筑原理的应用正在成为减少民用建筑碳足迹的关键战略。这种方法包括被动式和主动式太阳能技术以及节能措施。被动策略包括最佳的建筑方向、改进围护结构以尽量减少热交换以及使用遮阳装置。积极措施包括整合可再生能源。在实际演示中，俄罗斯加里宁格勒地区的一栋住宅楼展示了这些原则的实施。该建筑采用被动式太阳能措施和严格的能源计算，达到了 A+ 节能等级。此外，集成主动太阳能元件（包括 4.5 m ²真空集热器和 3.56 kW 光伏板）以及空气-水热泵，使供暖、热水的年能耗减少了 72%和电力——从 27.695 千瓦时到 7.697 千瓦时。每年可大幅减少 10 吨碳排放。这说明了太阳能建筑在推进可持续建筑实践方面的潜力。