Abstract

The microbiome of soils and supraglacial formations in background and oil-polluted ecosystems of Hayes Island (Franz Josef Land) was studied using the methods of luminescent microscopyreal-time and polymerase chain reaction. The biomass of microorganisms ranged from 81 to 666 μg C/g substrate; its larger part (up to 88%) was represented by fungi. The length of the fungal mycelium reached more than 360 m/g substrate. The number of prokaryotes varied from 4.0 × 10⁷ to 3.75 × 10⁹ cells/g substrate; the length of actinomycete hyphae reached 40 m/g substrate. Up to 78% of detected prokaryotic cells were represented by small nanoforms, which is typical for extreme ecosystems. The proportion of viable microbial cells gained maximum (74–86%) in surface organic horizons and minimum (29–54%) in mineral supra-permafrost layers. Bacteria dominated in the prokaryotic complex (from 5.14 × 10⁵ to 5.05 × 10¹⁰ 16S rRNA copies/g soil); the content of archaea was lower: from 8.46 × 10⁵ to 2.28 × 10⁹ 16S rRNA copies/g substrate. The amount of fungal ITS rRNA in the soil samples ranged from 6.47 × 10⁴ to 8.67 × 10¹⁰ copies. The number of copies of the alkB gene (synthesis of alkane monooxygenase for the destruction of n-alkanes of hydrocarbons) varied from 1.2 × 10¹ to 1.8 × 10⁵ copies/g substrate and sharply decreased from surface to deep horizons. Oil-contaminated soils and supraglacial objects contained a smaller biomass, but a larger number of ribosomal genes of microorganisms as compared with background ecosystems. An exponential decrease in the analyzed quantitative parameters of microorganisms from surface to deep soil horizons was observed.

中文翻译：

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法兰士约瑟夫地群岛海耶斯岛背景和石油污染生态系统中土壤和冰上物体的微生物组

摘要

使用实时发光显微镜和聚合酶链反应方法研究了海耶斯岛（弗朗兹约瑟夫地）背景和石油污染生态系统中土壤和冰上地层的微生物组。微生物的生物量范围为81至666μg C/g底物；其中大部分（高达 88%）是真菌。真菌菌丝体长度达到360 m/g基质以上。原核生物的数量从 4.0 × 10 ⁷到 3.75 × 10 ^{9 个}细胞/克底物不等；放线菌菌丝长度达到40 m/g底物。高达 78% 的检测到的原核细胞是小纳米形态的，这是极端生态系统的典型特征。活微生物细胞的比例在表面有机层中获得最大（74-86％），在矿物上永久冻土层中获得最小（29-54％）。原核复合体中细菌占主导地位（从 5.14 × 10 ⁵到 5.05 × 10 ¹⁰ 16S rRNA 拷贝/g 土壤）；古细菌含量较低：从 8.46 × 10 ⁵到 2.28 × 10 ⁹ 16S rRNA 拷贝/g 底物。土壤样品中真菌ITS rRNA的数量范围为6.47×10 ⁴至8.67×10 ¹⁰拷贝。alkB基因（用于破坏碳氢化合物的正烷烃的烷烃单加氧酶的合成）的拷贝数从1.2×10 ¹到1.8×10 ⁵拷贝/g底物变化，并且从地表到深层急剧减少。与背景生态系统相比，受石油污染的土壤和冰上物体的生物量较小，但微生物的核糖体基因数量较多。观察到从表面到深层土壤层的微生物分析定量参数呈指数下降。