Hydroclimate in Montenegro has large seasonal variation and is prone to water shortages despite high annual precipitation totals. With unfavorable seasonal distribution of precipitation, as well as a low precipitation efficiency for limestone in ground surface, aridity often causes problems in water supply and agriculture. Moreover, recent changes in climate trends exacerbated seasonal droughts and wildfires with serious effects on the economy and environment. Previous studies mainly examined the magnitude and duration of precipitation deficit with respect to the long-term climatology thus enabling identification of different types of drought. For a better characterization of drought in this article, we examine the spatial pattern and trend in aridity in Montenegro from 1961 until 2020 as well as in the first and second half of this period. We use temperature and precipitation observational records from 18 weather stations to calculate three aridity (climate) indices: the De Martonne aridity index (I_DM), the Lang’s rain factor (RF), and the Pinna combinative index (I_P). We also examine Aridity Index (AI), by using ERA5-Land precipitation dataset, and potential evapotranspiration (PET) at 0.05 km spatial resolution. On an annual scale, all indices show a humid to extreme humid climate in Montenegro. At the seasonal level, winter, autumn and spring seasons exhibit very humid to extremely humid conditions, while summer shows semi-arid conditions mainly in the coastal parts of Montenegro, and neighboring inland. Period from September to April characterizes humid climate; May reveals less humid conditions, while June belongs to Mediterranean climates. July and August exhibit semi-arid conditions. Trends in I_DM show growing aridity in April and August in the last six decades. Although growing aridity in April has been confirmed for the last three decades, both trends in I_DM and AI show growing humidity in January and June.

黑山的水文气候季节性变化较大，尽管年降水总量很高，但很容易出现缺水问题。由于降水季节分布不利，加上地表石灰岩降水效率低，干旱常常给供水和农业带来问题。此外，最近气候趋势的变化加剧了季节性干旱和野火，对经济和环境造成严重影响。以前的研究主要考察了长期气候学中降水不足的程度和持续时间，从而能够识别不同类型的干旱。为了更好地描述本文的干旱特征，我们研究了 1961 年至 2020 年以及该时期前半段和后半段黑山干旱的空间格局和趋势。我们使用 18 个气象站的温度和降水观测记录来计算三个干旱（气候）指数：德马通干旱指数 ( I _DM )、朗氏降雨因子 ( RF ) 和 Pinna 组合指数 ( I _P )。我们还通过使用 ERA5-Land 降水数据集和0.05 公里空间分辨率的潜在蒸散量 ( PET ) 检查干旱指数 ( AI )。在年度范围内，所有指数都显示黑山的潮湿至极端潮湿气候。在季节层面上，冬季、秋季和春季呈现出非常潮湿至极其潮湿的条件，而夏季则主要在黑山沿海地区和邻近内陆地区呈现半干旱条件。九月至四月气候湿润；五月的气候不太潮湿，而六月则属于地中海气候。七月和八月呈现半干旱状态。I _DM的趋势表明，过去 6 年来 4 月和 8 月的干旱日益严重。尽管在过去三十年里，四月份的干旱现象已得到证实，但I _DM和AI的趋势都表明，一月和六月的湿度不断增加。