: Cancer is the second-leading cause of death in the 21st century, where early detection and appropriate therapeutic interventions are two components essential for effective cancer management. Despite the availability of several conventional diagnostics and therapeutic agents, cancer mortality rates are rising due to an increase in the frequency of recurrence and metastasis in cancer patients. Therefore, tremendous efforts have been expended to address this significant clinical issue and improve therapeutic efficacy. In this regard, nanotheranostic is a multipotential single platform for both cancer diagnosis and treatment through enhanced aqueous solubility and bioavailability of the encapsulated agent, stimulus responsiveness, tumor-specific targeting ability, precise tumor imaging, and real-time drug delivery. Nonetheless, the translational success of nanotheranostic platforms is still in its infancy and requires more extensive research in the context of tumor heterogeneity, safety profile, and regulatory issues, which pose one of the largest technological limitations. The present review summarizes different nanotheranostic platforms and nanotheranostic candidates in clinical trials (AGuIX® , NBTXR3, Ferumoxtran, MM-398, EndoTAG-1, etc.), along with disadvantages and challenges to improving cancer diagnosis and treatment. Overall, the concept, platform, and technical knowledge of nanotheranostics are really helpful to academic and pharmaceutical researchers.

中文翻译：

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纳米治疗学：癌症管理的尖端技术

：癌症是 21 世纪第二大死亡原因，早期检测和适当的治疗干预是有效癌症管理的两个重要组成部分。尽管有几种常规诊断和治疗药物可供使用，但由于癌症患者复发和转移频率的增加，癌症死亡率仍在上升。因此，人们付出了巨大的努力来解决这一重大的临床问题并提高治疗效果。在这方面，纳米治疗通过增强封装药物的水溶性和生物利用度、刺激响应性、肿瘤特异性靶向能力、精确的肿瘤成像和实时药物递送，成为癌症诊断和治疗的多潜能单一平台。尽管如此，纳米治疗平台的转化成功仍处于起步阶段，需要在肿瘤异质性、安全性和监管问题的背景下进行更广泛的研究，这些是最大的技术限制之一。本综述总结了临床试验中的不同纳米治疗平台和候选纳米治疗（AGuIX®、NBTXR3、Ferumoxtran、MM-398、EndoTAG-1 等），以及改善癌症诊断和治疗的缺点和挑战。总体而言，纳米治疗学的概念、平台和技术知识对学术和药物研究人员确实有帮助。