Over the past few decades, the global reliance on fossil fuels and the exponential growth of human population have escalated global energy consumption and environmental issues. To tackle these dual challenges, metal catalysts, in particular precious metal ones, have emerged as pivotal players in the fields of environment and energy. Among the numerous metal-free and organic catalyst materials, C₃N₅-based materials have a major advantage over their carbon nitride (C_xN_y) counterparts owing to the abundant availability of raw materials, non-toxicity, non-hazardous nature, and exceptional performance. Although significant efforts have been dedicated to synthesising and optimising the applicable properties of C₃N₅-based materials in recent years, a comprehensive summary of the immediate parameters of this promising material is still lacking. Given the rapid development of C₃N₅-based materials, a timely review is essential for staying updated on their strengths and weaknesses across various applications, as well as providing guidance for designing efficient catalysts. In this study, we present an extensive overview of recent advancements in C₃N₅-based materials, encompassing their physicochemical properties, major synthetic methods, and applications in photocatalysis, electrocatalysis, and adsorption, among others. This systematic review effectively summarises both the advantages and shortcomings associated with C₃N₅-based materials for energy and environmental applications, thus offering researchers focussed on C_xN_y-materials an in-depth understanding of those based on C₃N₅. Finally, considering the limitations and deficiencies of C₃N₅-based materials, we have proposed enhancement schemes and strategies, while presenting personal perspectives on the challenges and future directions for C₃N₅. Our ultimate aim is to provide valuable insights for the research community in this field.

中文翻译：

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C3N5基纳米材料及其在多相催化剂、能量收集和环境修复中的应用

过去几十年来，全球对化石燃料的依赖和人口的指数增长导致全球能源消耗和环境问题不断升级。为了应对这些双重挑战，金属催化剂，特别是贵金属催化剂，已成为环境和能源领域的关键参与者。在众多的无金属有机催化剂材料中，C ₃ N ₅基材料由于原料来源丰富、无毒、无害，比氮化碳（C _x N _y ）同类材料具有主要优势。，以及卓越的性能。尽管近年来人们在合成和优化C ₃ N ₅基材料的应用性能方面付出了巨大的努力，但仍然缺乏对这种有前景材料的直接参数的全面总结。_{鉴于C 3} N ₅基材料的快速发展，及时审查对于了解其在各种应用中的优缺点以及为设计高效催化剂提供指导至关重要。_{在这项研究中，我们对C 3} N ₅基材料的最新进展进行了广泛的概述，包括它们的物理化学性质、主要合成方法以及在光催化、电催化和吸附等方面的应用。_{该系统综述有效总结了C 3} N ₅基材料在能源和环境应用中的优点和缺点，从而使关注C _x N _y材料的研究人员能够深入了解C ₃ N ₅基材料。_{最后，考虑到C 3} N ₅基材料的局限性和不足，我们提出了增强方案和策略，同时对C ₃ N ₅的挑战和未来方向提出了个人观点。我们的最终目标是为该领域的研究界提供有价值的见解。