Diabetes, characterized by hyperglycemia, is a major cause of death and disability worldwide. Peptides, such as insulin and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogs, have shown promise as treatments for diabetes due to their ability to mimic or enhance insulin's actions in the body. Compared to subcutaneous injection, oral administration of anti-diabetic peptides is a preferred approach. However, biological barriers significantly reduce the efficacy of oral peptide therapeutics. Recent advancements in drug delivery systems and formulation techniques have greatly improved the oral delivery of peptide therapeutics and their efficacy in treating diabetes. This review will highlight (1) the benefits of oral anti-diabetic peptide therapeutics; (2) the biological barriers for oral peptide delivery, including pH and enzyme degradation, intestinal mucosa barrier, and biodistribution barrier; (3) the delivery platforms to overcome these biological barriers. Additionally, the review will discuss the prospects in this field. The information provided in this review will serve as a valuable guide for future developments in oral anti-diabetic peptide therapeutics.

中文翻译：

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用于糖尿病治疗的口服肽疗法：最新技术和未来前景

以高血糖为特征的糖尿病是全世界死亡和残疾的主要原因。肽，例如胰岛素和胰高血糖素样肽-1 (GLP-1) 类似物，由于能够模拟或增强胰岛素在体内的作用，因此有望成为糖尿病的治疗药物。与皮下注射相比，口服抗糖尿病肽是优选的方法。然而，生物屏障显着降低了口服肽疗法的功效。药物递送系统和制剂技术的最新进展极大地改善了肽治疗剂的口服递送及其治疗糖尿病的功效。本综述将强调 (1) 口服抗糖尿病肽疗法的好处；(2)口服肽递送的生物屏障，包括pH和酶降解、肠粘膜屏障和生物分布屏障；(3)克服这些生物障碍的递送平台。此外，评论还将讨论该领域的前景。本综述提供的信息将为口服抗糖尿病肽疗法的未来发展提供有价值的指导。