Research on pension generosity has so far used employees in standard employment as the reference point, ignoring nonstandard forms of employment such as the self‐employed. Moreover, as one of the major concepts of welfare state analysis, generosity has not been considered in research on the old‐age security of the self‐employed. Hence, there is a ‘missing link’ between the two strands in the literature. This paper aims to close this research gap by analysing the differences between 12 European welfare states regarding the generosity of old‐age pensions for the self‐employed. Based on the degree of strictness of access and benefit level, a typology is developed that results in four types of generosity: high generosity, low generosity, basic security and selective generosity.

中文翻译：

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为个体经营者提供慷慨的养老金——欧洲福利国家的类型

迄今为止，养老金慷慨性的研究都以标准就业的雇员为参考点，忽略了个体经营者等非标准就业形式。而且，慷慨作为福利国家分析的主要概念之一，在个体经营者养老保障的研究中并未被考虑。因此，文献中的两条线索之间存在“缺失的环节”。本文旨在通过分析 12 个欧洲福利国家在为个体经营者提供慷慨养老金方面的差异来缩小这一研究差距。根据准入和福利水平的严格程度，开发了一种类型，产生四种慷慨类型：高慷慨、低慷慨、基本安全和选择性慷慨。