The overuse of antibiotics has led to the enhanced resistance of many pathogenic bacteria, posing a threat to human health. Therefore, there is a need to develop green and safe alternatives to antibiotics. Beta-defensins play a crucial role in host defense against pathogens and have multifunctional properties, exerting key roles in innate and adaptive immunity, as well as non-immune processes. In this study, a 210 bp long cDNA sequence of yak gene was amplified and successfully expressed in a prokaryotic system. The DEFB114 protein exhibited significant inhibitory effects on the growth of . When co-cultured with yak macrophages, DEFB114 protein enhanced macrophage phagocytic activity and increased nucleic acid fluorescence intensity ( < 0.05). DEFB114 protein also enhanced the activity of yak macrophages stimulated by inactivated spores, increased the release of nitric oxide (NO), and promoted the expression of genes such as , , , and ( < 0.05). In mice experiments, DEFB114 protein promoted resistance against infection, by regulating the NOD1/2-ATG16L1-NF-κB pathway to modulate the host immune response and exert its anti-infective effects. In summary, the yak DEFB114 protein could inhibit the growth of and enhance the animal's resistance to pathogenic microorganisms, thereby having significant implications in the treatment and prevention of fungal infections.

中文翻译：

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DEFB114蛋白通过NOD1/2-ATG16L1-NF-κB信号通路增强宿主对真菌感染的抵抗力

抗生素的过度使用导致许多病原菌耐药性增强，对人类健康构成威胁。因此，需要开发绿色、安全的抗生素替代品。 β-防御素在宿主防御病原体中发挥着至关重要的作用，并具有多功能特性，在先天性和适应性免疫以及非免疫过程中发挥关键作用。本研究扩增了一段210 bp长的牦牛基因cDNA序列，并在原核系统中成功表达。 DEFB114蛋白对 的生长表现出显着的抑制作用。当与牦牛巨噬细胞共培养时，DEFB114蛋白增强了巨噬细胞的吞噬活性并增加了核酸荧光强度（<0.05）。 DEFB114蛋白还增强灭活孢子刺激的牦牛巨噬细胞的活性，增加一氧化氮（NO）的释放，并促进 、 、 、 和 等基因的表达（ < 0.05）。在小鼠实验中，DEFB114蛋白促进抵抗感染，通过调节NOD1/2-ATG16L1-NF-κB通路调节宿主免疫反应，发挥其抗感染作用。综上所述，牦牛DEFB114蛋白能够抑制动物的生长，增强动物对病原微生物的抵抗力，从而在真菌感染的治疗和预防中具有重要意义。