A comparison between low-cost single-frequency and dual-frequency Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receiver timing modules is presented, focusing on their suitability for time transfer applications. The study uses a zero-length baseline measurement approach to assess their performance and highlights the advantages of dual-frequency receivers. The clock comparison residuals between these low-cost devices and a reference receiver are analyzed. In particular, it is shown that the use of averages longer than 200s can effectively mitigate the quantization error inherent in pulse per second outputs of the timing modules. The results showcase sub-nanosecond time deviation instabilities between the reference receiver and the dual-frequency timing module. In contrast, the single-frequency module exhibits time deviations of 3.3ns at a one-day averaging interval. This research provides insights into the selection and utilization of GNSS timing modules for time transfer applications, where such modules can serve as attractive, cost-effective alternatives for applications requiring moderate accuracy.

中文翻译：

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使用零长度基线进行时间传输的低成本 GNSS 接收器的比较

对低成本单频和双频全球导航卫星系统 (GNSS) 接收器授时模块进行了比较，重点关注它们对时间传输应用的适用性。该研究使用零长度基线测量方法来评估其性能，并强调双频接收器的优势。分析了这些低成本设备和参考接收器之间的时钟比较残差。特别是，结果表明，使用超过 200 秒的平均值可以有效减轻定时模块每秒脉冲输出中固有的量化误差。结果展示了参考接收器和双频定时模块之间的亚纳秒时间偏差不稳定性。相比之下，单频模块在一日平均间隔下表现出 3.3ns 的时间偏差。这项研究提供了关于用于时间传输应用的 GNSS 授时模块的选择和使用的见解，对于需要中等精度的应用，此类模块可以作为有吸引力的、具有成本效益的替代方案。