Since Lasswell, propaganda has been considered one of three chief implements of warfare, along with military and economic pressure. Russia’s invasion of Ukraine revives public and scholarly interest in war propaganda. The Russian political leader frames the war as an imperial war. The Ukrainian political leader frames it as a war of national liberation. The discursive battle thus complements the military combat. The outcome of the discursive combat depends on the effectiveness of propaganda deployed by the parties involved. Propaganda effectiveness is the propagation of war-related messages stated by political leaders through various media with no or few distortions. The effectiveness of propaganda is compared (1) across countries, with a particular focus on two belligerents, Russia and Ukraine, (2) in the function of the medium (mass media, digital media), and (iii) using two different methods (content analysis and survey research). Data were collected during the first year of the large-scale invasion (February 2022 to February 2023). Survey data allowed measuring the degree of the target audience’s agreement with key propagated messages.

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宣传渠道及其比较有效性：以俄罗斯乌克兰战争为例

自拉斯韦尔以来，宣传一直被认为是战争的三大手段之一，另外还有军事和经济压力。俄罗斯入侵乌克兰重新激发了公众和学术界对战争宣传的兴趣。俄罗斯政治领导人将这场战争描述为一场帝国战争。乌克兰政治领导人将其描述为一场民族解放战争。因此，话语战斗是对军事战斗的补充。话语斗争的结果取决于相关各方宣传的有效性。宣传有效性是指政治领导人通过各种媒体不失真或很少失真地传播与战争有关的信息。宣传效果的比较（1）各国之间，特别关注俄罗斯和乌克兰这两个交战国，（2）媒体的功能（大众媒体、数字媒体），以及（iii）使用两种不同的方法（内容分析和调查研究）。数据是在大规模入侵的第一年（2022年2月至2023年2月）收集的。调查数据可以衡量目标受众对关键传播信息的认同程度。