Background

The skin microbiome is essential in guarding against harmful pathogens and responding to environmental changes by generating substances useful in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Among these microorganisms, Streptococcus is a bacterial species identified in various isolation sources. In 2021, a strain of Streptococcus infantis, CX-4, was identified from facial skin and found to be linked to skin structure and elasticity. As the skin-derived strain differs from other S. infantis strains, which are usually of oral origin, it emphasizes the significance of bacterial variation by the environment.

Objective

This study aims to explore the unique characteristics of the CX-4 compared to seven oral-derived Streptococcus strains based on the Whole-Genome Sequencing data, focusing on its potential role in skin health and its possible application in cosmetic strategies.

Methods

The genome of the CX-4 strain was constructed using PacBio Sequencing, with the assembly performed using the SMRT protocol. Comparative whole-genome analysis was then performed with seven closely related strains, utilizing web-based tools like PATRIC, OrthoVenn3, and EggNOG-mapper, for various analyses, including protein association analysis using STRING.

Results

Our analysis unveiled a substantial number of Clusters of Orthologous Groups in diverse functional categories in CX-4, among which sphingosine kinase (SphK) emerged as a unique product, exclusively present in the CX-4 strain. SphK is a critical enzyme in the sphingolipid metabolic pathway, generating sphingosine-1-phosphate. The study also brought potential associations with isoprene formation and retinoic acid synthesis, the latter being a metabolite of vitamin A, renowned for its crucial function in promoting skin cell growth, differentiation, and maintaining of skin barrier integrity. These findings collectively suggest the potential of the CX-4 strain in enhancing of skin barrier functionality.

Conclusion

Our research underscores the potential of the skin-derived S. infantis CX-4 strain by revealing unique bacterial compounds and their potential roles on human skin.

中文翻译：

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面部来源的婴儿链球菌 CX-4 的比较全基因组分析揭示了与皮肤屏障相关的功能

背景

皮肤微生物组对于防御有害病原体和通过产生可用于化妆品和制药行业的物质来应对环境变化至关重要。在这些微生物中，链球菌是在各种分离来源中鉴定出的细菌物种。 2021 年，从面部皮肤中鉴定出一种婴儿链球菌CX-4，并发现其与皮肤结构和弹性有关。由于皮肤来源的菌株不同于其他婴儿链球菌菌株（通常来自口腔），因此它强调了环境引起的细菌变异的重要性。

客观的

本研究旨在基于全基因组测序数据，探索 CX-4 与七种口服链球菌菌株相比的独特特征，重点关注其在皮肤健康中的潜在作用及其在美容策略中的可能应用。

方法

使用 PacBio 测序构建 CX-4 菌株的基因组，并使用 SMRT 协议进行组装。然后利用 PATRIC、OrthoVenn3 和 EggNOG-mapper 等基于网络的工具对七个密切相关的菌株进行比较全基因组分析，进行各种分析，包括使用 STRING 进行蛋白质关联分析。

结果

我们的分析揭示了 CX-4 中不同功能类别的大量直系同源群簇，其中鞘氨醇激酶 (SphK) 作为一种独特的产物出现，仅存在于 CX-4 菌株中。 SphK 是鞘脂代谢途径中的关键酶，可产生 1-磷酸鞘氨醇。该研究还发现了与异戊二烯形成和视黄酸合成的潜在关联，视黄酸合成是维生素 A 的代谢产物，因其在促进皮肤细胞生长、分化和维持皮肤屏障完整性方面的关键功能而闻名。这些发现共同表明 CX-4 菌株在增强皮肤屏障功能方面的潜力。

结论

我们的研究通过揭示独特的细菌化合物及其对人类皮肤的潜在作用，强调了皮肤源性婴儿沙门氏菌CX-4 菌株的潜力。