Peculiarities of the genetic structure of the population of Holstein cattle bred in Ukraine were studied by beta-casein and tumor necrosis factor alpha loci. Using the methods of allele-specific PCR (AS-PCR) and PCR with restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis, polymorphism of the beta-casein gene (CSN2) by allelic variants A¹ and A² and of the tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) by SacI-polymorphism in the promoter region of the gene (–824 A>G marker mutation) and RsaI-polymorphism in the fourth exon were analyzed. It was proven that both loci are polymorphic in the studied cattle population. For each of the polymorphic loci, the main genetic and population parameters of the Holstein cow population were established. For the CSN2 locus, a significant predominance of the frequency of the A² allele over A¹ was established (0.78 vs. 0.22). For the SacI- and RsaI-polymorphisms of TNF-α, maximal (1.980 and 1.988) values of the locus polymorphism level (the number of effective alleles) were detected. For both mutations in the TNF-α gene, actual parity in the frequency values of the corresponding alleles was established (0.55 and 0.45 for the SacI-polymorphism; 0.54 and 0.46 for the RsaI-polymorphism). For the RsaI-polymorphism in the TNF-α fourth exon, a deviation from the state of genetic equilibrium according to Hardy–Weinberg was recorded in the studied population of animals, and a significant excess of heterozygous individuals was detected (25%). Based on the results of the analysis of milk productivity parameters of individuals with different CSN2 locus genotypes, it was established that individuals with the A²A² genotype are characterized by higher values of standard milk production as compared with individuals with the A¹A¹ genotype (p = 0.042). For the SacI- and RsaI-polymorphism of the TNF-α gene, there were no significant differences in the parameters of standard milk productivity for two lactations between individuals with different genotypes.

通过β-酪蛋白和肿瘤坏死因子α基因座研究了乌克兰饲养的荷斯坦牛群体遗传结构的特殊性。使用等位基因特异性 PCR (AS-PCR) 和限制性片段长度多态性 PCR (PCR-RFLP) 分析等位基因变体 A ¹和 A ^{2的 β-酪蛋白基因 (} CSN2 )以及肿瘤坏死的多态性通过基因启动子区域的 SacI 多态性（–824 A>G 标记突变）和第四外显子的 RsaI 多态性分析了因子-α ( TNF -α)。事实证明，这两个基因座在所研究的牛群体中都是多态性的。对于每个多态性位点，建立了荷斯坦奶牛群体的主要遗传和群体参数。对于CSN2基因座，A ²等位基因的频率明显优于 A ¹（0.78 vs. 0.22）。对于TNF -α的SacI-和RsaI-多态性，检测到位点多态性水平（有效等位基因的数量）的最大（1.980和1.988）值。对于TNF -α 基因中的两种突变，建立了相应等位基因频率值的实际奇偶性（SacI 多态性为 0.55 和 0.45；RsaI 多态性为 0.54 和 0.46）。对于TNF -α 第四外显子中的 RsaI 多态性，在研究的动物群体中记录了与 Hardy-Weinberg 遗传平衡状态的偏差，并且检测到显着过量的杂合个体（25%）。根据不同CSN2基因座基因型个体的产奶量参数分析结果，确定具有 A ² A ^{2基因型的个体比具有 A 1} A ¹基因型的个体具有更高的标准产奶量值。基因型（p  = 0.042）。对于TNF -α基因的SacI和RsaI多态性，不同基因型个体的两次哺乳标准产奶量参数没有显着差异。