In this study, we have formulated a novel apatite bone cements derived from natural sources (i.e. eggshell and fishbone) with improved qualities that is, porosity, resorbability, biological activity, and so forth. The naturally‐derived apatite bone cement (i.e. FBDEAp) was prepared by mixing hydroxyapatite (synthesized from fishbone) and tricalcium phosphate (synthesized from eggshell) as a solid phase with a liquid phase (a dilute acidic blend of cement binding accelerator and biopolymers like gelatin and chitosan) with polysorbate (as liquid porogen) to get a desired bone cement paste. The prepared cement paste sets within the clinically acceptable setting time (≤20 min), easily injectable (>85%) through hands and exhibits physiological pH stability (7.3–7.4). The pure apatite phased bone cement was confirmed by x‐ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analyses. The FBDEAp bone cement possesses acceptable compressive strength (i.e. 5–7 MPa) within trabecular bone range and is resorbable up to 28% in simulated body fluid solution within 12 weeks of incubation at physiological conditions. The FBDEAp is macroporous in nature (average pore size ~50–400 μm) with interconnected pores verified by SEM and micro‐CT analyses. The FBDEAp showed significantly increased MG63 cell viability (>125% after 72 h), cell adhesion, proliferation, and key osteogenic genes expression levels (up to 5–13 folds) compared to the synthetically derived, synthetic and eggshell derived as well as synthetic and fishbone derived bone cements. Thus, we strongly believe that our prepared FBDEAp bone cement can be used as potential trabecular bone substitute in orthopedics.

中文翻译：

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可注射大孔天然磷灰石骨水泥作为潜在的小梁骨替代物

在这项研究中，我们配制了一种源自天然来源（即蛋壳和鱼骨）的新型磷灰石骨水泥，其具有改进的品质，即孔隙率、可吸收性、生物活性等。天然来源的磷灰石骨水泥（即 FBDEAp）是通过将羟基磷灰石（由鱼骨合成）和磷酸三钙（由蛋壳合成）作为固相与液相（水泥粘合促进剂和生物聚合物（如明胶）的稀酸性混合物）混合而制备的。和壳聚糖）与聚山梨酯（作为液体致孔剂），以获得所需的骨水泥糊剂。制备的水泥浆在临床可接受的凝固时间（≤20分钟）内凝固，易于用手注射（>85%），并表现出生理pH稳定性（7.3-7.4）。通过 X 射线衍射和傅里叶变换红外光谱分析证实了纯磷灰石相骨水泥。FBDEAp骨水泥在骨小梁范围内具有可接受的抗压强度（即5-7 MPa），并且在生理条件下培养12周内，在模拟体液溶液中可吸收高达28%。FBDEAp 本质上是大孔（平均孔径约为 50-400 μm），具有通过 SEM 和显微 CT 分析验证的互连孔隙。与合成衍生的、合成衍生的和蛋壳衍生的以及合成衍生的相比，FBDEAp 显示显着增加的 MG63 细胞活力（72 小时后 >125%）、细胞粘附、增殖和关键成骨基因表达水平（高达 5-13 倍）和鱼骨衍生的骨水泥。因此，我们坚信我们制备的 FBDEap 骨水泥可以用作骨科中潜在的骨小梁替代品。