Fungi are a problem for viticulture as they can lead to deterioration of grapes and mycotoxins production. Despite the widespread use of synthetic fungicides to control fungi, their impact on the agricultural ecosystem and human health demand safer and eco-friendly alternatives. This study aimed to produce, characterize and assess the antifungal activity of carvacrol loaded in nanocapsules of Eudragit® and chia mucilage as strategy for controlling , , , and . Eudragit® and chia mucilage were suitable wall materials, as both favored the encapsulation of carvacrol into nanometric diameter particles. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis suggested a successful incorporation of carvacrol into both nanocapsules, which was confirmed by presenting a good encapsulation efficiency and loading capacity. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) analyses revealed adequate thermal resistance. All fungi were sensible to carvacrol treatments and was the most sensitive compared to the species. Lower concentrations of encapsulated carvacrol than the unencapsulated form were required to inhibit fungi in the in vitro and grape assays. Additionally, lower levels of carvacrol (unencapsulated or encapsulated) were used to inhibit fungal growth and ochratoxin synthesis on undamaged grapes in comparison to those superficially damaged, highlighting the importance of management practices designed to preserve berry integrity during cultivation, storage or commercialization. When sublethal doses of carvacrol were used, the growth of and was suppressed by at least 45 %, and ochratoxins were not found. The nanoencapsulation of carvacrol using Eudragit® and chia mucilage has proven to be an alternative to mitigate the problems with fungi and mycotoxins faced by the grape and wine sector.

中文翻译：

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香芹酚纳米胶囊作为一种新的抗真菌策略：对对葡萄品质和控制赭曲霉毒素合成很重要的真菌进行表征和评估

真菌是葡萄栽培的一个问题，因为它们会导致葡萄变质并产生霉菌毒素。尽管广泛使用合成杀菌剂来控制真菌，但它们对农业生态系统和人类健康的影响需要更安全、环保的替代品。本研究旨在生产、表征和评估 Eudragit® 和奇亚籽粘液纳米胶囊中负载的香芹酚的抗真菌活性，作为控制 、 、 和 的策略。 Eudragit® 和奇亚籽粘液是合适的壁材料，因为两者都有利于将香芹酚封装成纳米直径的颗粒。傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）分析表明香芹酚成功掺入两种纳米胶囊中，并通过良好的封装效率和负载能力证实了这一点。热重分析 (TGA) 和差示扫描量热法 (DSC) 分析表明具有足够的耐热性。所有真菌都对香芹酚处理敏感，并且与物种相比是最敏感的。在体外和葡萄试验中抑制真菌所需的封装香芹酚浓度低于未封装形式。此外，与那些表面受损的葡萄相比，使用较低含量的香芹酚（未封装或封装的）来抑制未受损葡萄上的真菌生长和赭曲霉毒素合成，凸显了在种植、储存或商业化过程中保持浆果完整性的管理实践的重要性。当使用亚致死剂量的香芹酚时， 和 的生长被抑制至少 45%，并且未发现赭曲霉毒素。使用 Eudragit® 和奇亚籽粘液对香芹酚进行纳米胶囊化已被证明是缓解葡萄和葡萄酒行业面临的真菌和霉菌毒素问题的替代方案。