To expand the human exploration footprint and reach Mars in the 2030s, we must explore how humans survive and thrive in demanding, unusual, and novel ecologies (i.e., extreme environments). In the extreme conditions encountered during human spaceflight, there is a need to understand human functioning and response in a more rigorous theoretically informed way. Current models of human performance in space-relevant environments and human space science are often operationally focused, with emphasis on acute physiological or behavioral outcomes. However, integrating current perspectives in human biology allows for a more holistic and complete understanding of how humans function over a range of time in an extreme environment. Here, we show how the use of evolution-informed frameworks (i.e., models of life history theory to organize the adaptive pressures of spaceflight and biocultural perspectives) coupled with the use of mixed-methodological toolkits can shape models that better encompass the scope of biobehavioral human adjustment to long-duration space travel and extra-terrestrial habitation. Further, we discuss how we can marry human biology perspectives with the rigorous programmatic structures developed for spaceflight to model other unknown and nascent extremes.

中文翻译：

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太空飞行的人体生物学

为了扩大人类的探索足迹并在2030年代到达火星，我们必须探索人类如何在苛刻的、不寻常的和新颖的生态（即极端环境）中生存和发展。在载人航天过程中遇到的极端条件下，需要以更严格的理论方式了解人类的功能和反应。当前与太空相关的环境和人类太空科学中的人类表现模型通常以操作为重点，强调急性生理或行为结果。然而，将当前的人类生物学观点整合起来，可以更全面、更完整地理解人类在极端环境下一段时间内的运作方式。在这里，我们展示了如何使用进化信息框架（即生命史理论模型来组织航天和生物文化视角的适应性压力）结合使用混合方法工具包可以塑造更好地涵盖生物行为范围的模型人类对长期太空旅行和外星居住的适应。此外，我们还讨论了如何将人类生物学观点与为航天开发的严格程序结构结合起来，以模拟其他未知和新生的极端情况。