We re‐examine the respective role of local density and local concentration of human capital in the agglomeration gains for about 750,00 individuals working in 304 commuting zones of metropolitan France over the period 2009–2015. Agglomeration gains are mostly driven by human capital effects over this period. Also, because it absorbs dynamic learning effects, the use of worker fixed effects to address spatial sorting of individuals may underestimate, by about two third, the wage premium with respect to local concentration of human capital over a midterm period. Finally, wage gaps stem more from differences in human capital in the private sector than in the public sector. We do not find evidence of a multiplier effect of public employment on local human capital externalities in the private sector.

中文翻译：

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法国的空间工资差异和人力资本外部性

我们重新审视了 2009 年至 2015 年期间在法国大都市 304 个通勤区工作的约 75 万人在集聚收益中人力资本的当地密度和当地集中度各自的作用。在此期间，集聚收益主要是由人力资本效应驱动的。此外，由于它吸收了动态学习效应，使用工人固定效应来解决个人的空间排序问题可能会低估中期人力资本当地集中度的工资溢价约三分之二。最后，工资差距更多地源于私营部门而非公共部门的人力资本差异。我们没有发现公共就业对私营部门当地人力资本外部性产生乘数效应的证据。