ObjectiveA donation for a candidate can be motivated by support for that candidate or by opposition to the candidate's opponent. This study tests the impact that race, gender, and party affiliation of the candidate and the candidate's opponent have on the candidate's fundraising.MethodsThis study uses data from the 2016, 2018, and 2020 U.S. congressional elections to estimate a regression model where the dependent variable is funds raised by each mainstream party candidate, with party, race, and gender of the candidate and the candidate's opponent accounted for in the model, as well as district competitiveness, district economic and demographic characteristics, and whether the seat is open.ResultsFemale Democrats and non‐white male Democrats have a fundraising advantage when running against a white male Republican. Female Republicans or non‐white male Republicans do not have this advantage when running against white male Democrats.ConclusionThe interaction effects of gender and race on fundraising for a candidate and opponent are different depending on party affiliation, and the characteristics of both the candidate and the candidate's opponent must be considered for these effects to be visible.

中文翻译：

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对手的种族、性别和党派对美国国会筹款的影响

目标 对候选人的捐赠可能是出于对该候选人的支持或反对该候选人的对手。本研究测试了候选人及其对手的种族、性别和党派关系对候选人筹款的影响。方法本研究使用 2016 年、2018 年和 2020 年美国国会选举的数据来估计回归模型，其中因变量是每个主流政党候选人筹集的资金，模型中考虑了候选人和候选人对手的党派、种族和性别，以及选区竞争力、选区经济和人口特征以及席位是否空缺。结果女性民主党非白人男性民主党人在与白人男性共和党人竞争时具有筹款优势。女性共和党人或非白人男性共和党人在与白人男性民主党人竞争时不具备这一优势。结论性别和种族对候选人和对手筹款的相互作用影响因党派关系以及候选人和对手的特征而不同。必须考虑候选人的对手才能使这些效果显现出来。