The potential for mutual influence or “spillover” between economic and security cooperation is a long-standing area of interest for policymakers and scholars alike. This paper examines how network dynamics affect spillover. We focus on two prominent types of formal bilateral cooperation—defense cooperation agreements (DCAs) and bilateral investment treaties (BITs)—both of which have proliferated dramatically in the post-Cold War international system. We argue that existing theoretical and empirical approaches to economic-security spillover focus too strictly on influences at the bilateral level. As with other forms of international cooperation, BITs and DCAs comprise larger international networks. Governments develop portfolios of BITs or DCAs with distinct structural goals in mind, and they implement specific strategies in pursuing those goals. With BITs, governments follow a network-hierarchy strategy that allows them to influence treaty design and protect their firms. In DCAs, governments instead favor a network-community strategy focused on pooling collective security goods among groups of like-minded collaborators. When these network strategies complement one another, they promote cooperative economic-security spillover. When they conflict, however, they inhibit spillover, such that cooperation in economic or security issues discourages cooperation in the opposing issue area.

中文翻译：

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双边条约网络：评估国防和投资领域的合作溢出效应

经济与安全合作之间相互影响或“溢出”的潜力是政策制定者和学者长期以来感兴趣的领域。本文研究了网络动态如何影响溢出。我们重点关注两种重要的正式双边合作——防务合作协议（DCAs）和双边投资条约（BIT）——这两种合作在冷战后的国际体系中都急剧增加。我们认为，现有的经济安全溢出效应理论和实证方法过于严格地关注双边层面的影响。与其他形式的国际合作一样，双边投资协定和 DCA 构成了更大的国际网络。各国政府制定双边投资协定或 DCA 组合时要考虑到不同的结构目标，并实施具体战略来实现这些目标。通过双边投资协定，政府遵循网络层次结构使他们能够影响条约设计并保护其公司的战略。在 DCA 中，政府反而倾向于网络社区战略的重点是在志同道合的合作者群体中汇集集体安全产品。当这些网络战略相互补充时，它们会促进合作的经济安全溢出。然而，当它们发生冲突时，它们会抑制溢出效应，使得在经济或安全问题上的合作阻碍了在相反问题领域的合作。