Understanding the nature of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) matter is important but challenging due to the presence of non-perturbative dynamics under extreme conditions. We construct a holographic model describing the gluon sector of QCD at finite temperatures in the non-perturbative regime. The equation of state as a function of temperature is in good accordance with the lattice QCD data. Moreover, the Polyakov loop and the gluon condensation, which are proper order parameters to capture the deconfinement phase transition, also agree quantitatively well with the lattice QCD data. We obtain a strong first-order confinement/deconfinement phase transition at T_c = 276.5 MeV that is consistent with the lattice QCD prediction. Based on our model for a pure gluon hidden sector, we compute the stochastic gravitational waves and primordial black hole (PBH) productions from this confinement/deconfinement phase transition in the early Universe. The resulting stochastic gravitational-wave backgrounds are found to be within detectability in the International Pulsar Timing Array and Square Kilometre Array in the near future when the associated productions of PBHs saturate the current observational bounds on the PBH abundances from the LIGO-Virgo-Collaboration O3 data.

了解量子色动力学 (QCD) 物质的本质很重要，但由于极端条件下存在非微扰动力学，因此具有挑战性。我们构建了一个全息模型，描述非微扰状态下有限温度下 QCD 的胶子扇区。作为温度函数的状态方程与晶格 QCD 数据非常一致。此外，波利亚科夫环和胶子凝聚是捕捉解禁相变的适当序参数，在定量上也与晶格 QCD 数据吻合。我们在T _c = 276.5 MeV处获得了强的一阶限制/解除限制相变，这与晶格 QCD 预测一致。基于我们的纯胶子隐藏扇区模型，我们计算了早期宇宙中这种限制/解除限制相变产生的随机引力波和原初黑洞（PBH）。在不久的将来，当 PBH 的相关产物使 LIGO-Virgo-Collaboration O3 的 PBH 丰度的当前观测范围饱和时，所产生的随机引力波背景将在国际脉冲星计时阵列和平方公里阵列的可探测范围内数据。