This article responds to scholarly critiques, which highlight the failures of hate crime legislation in delivering justice to historically oppressed groups. Drawing on ethnographic data on the mobilisation of India's only hate crime law – the Prevention of Atrocities (PoA) Act– among Dalit (untouchable) communities, the article proposes that the potential of hate crime law to create a restitution must be analysed in conversation with other social justice frameworks. In India, Dalit legal aid advocates interweave hate crime cases with a culturally specific discourse of Dalit human rights. By strategically bringing “failed” PoA investigations before India's National Human Rights Commission (NHRC), Dalit advocates hold the police accountable for negligent investigations, while also creating collective affects of hope for survivors of casteist crimes. This process, which I call symbiotic justice, engenders a form of legal consciousness, which regards hate crime law as a creative tool that can offer new avenues of agency.

中文翻译：

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共生正义：仇恨犯罪、警察羞辱和达利特人权中的分层法律意识

本文回应了学术批评，这些批评强调了仇恨犯罪立法在为历史上受压迫群体伸张正义方面的失败。本文利用有关印度唯一的仇恨犯罪法——《防止暴行法》（PoA）在达利特（贱民）群体中动员情况的人种学数据，提出必须在对话中分析仇恨犯罪法创造赔偿的潜力。其他社会正义框架。在印度，达利特法律援助倡导者将仇恨犯罪案件与针对达利特人权的文化特定话语交织在一起。通过战略性地将“失败”的《行动纲领》调查提交印度国家人权委员会（NHRC），达利特倡导者要求警方对调查疏忽负责，同时也为种姓犯罪幸存者带来希望的集体影响。我将这个过程称为共生正义，它产生了一种法律意识，将仇恨犯罪法视为一种创造性工具，可以提供新的代理途径。