Based on six newsroom surveys, this article analyzes the history of digital German journalism. The surveys cover a period of 17 years (1997–2014). Periodizing the history of digital journalism into three phases, this article considers the interplay between journalism and journalism research. The results show how journalistic digital media define their role in the relationships between old media and the Internet, digital media and other outlets, and digital media and their audiences. Furthermore, the results substantiate how digital editorial staff define their journalistic identities regarding tasks, rules, and skills. During the first period (surveys conducted in 1997 and 2000), the view from old mass media to the Internet dominated, also in scholarship where the mass media paradigm was extended to the Internet. The second period (surveys conducted in 2006 and 2007) was characterized by clarifying the relationships between journalism and newly emerged outlets. These studies focused on how participative formats (such as Wikipedia and blogs) and search engines could be used for journalistic purposes without compromising quality. These new outlets were not regarded then as much of a threat. This attitude did not change during the third period (surveys conducted in 2010 and 2014). In this phase, too, the studies focused on how editorial staff utilized the ever-increasing number of social media. The six surveys’ different research interests reveal that the reviewed journalism research primarily addressed changing demands in journalistic practice. Therefore, exogenous factors (“the sector”) had a greater impact than endogenous factors (the “scholarship”) on research interests.

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德国新闻业如何适应互联网：六次新闻编辑室调查的结果（1997-2014）

本文基于六项新闻编辑室调查，分析了德国数字新闻业的历史。调查涵盖17年（1997年至2014年）。本文将数字新闻的历史分为三个阶段，探讨新闻与新闻研究之间的相互作用。结果显示新闻数字媒体如何定义其在旧媒体与互联网、数字媒体与其他渠道以及数字媒体及其受众之间关系中的作用。此外，结果证实了数字编辑人员如何定义他们在任务、规则和技能方面的新闻身份。在第一个时期（1997年和2000年进行的调查），从旧大众媒体到互联网的观点占主导地位，学术界也将大众媒体范式扩展到互联网。第二阶段（2006年和2007年进行的调查）的特点是澄清新闻业和新兴媒体之间的关系。这些研究的重点是如何在不影响质量的情况下将参与式格式（例如维基百科和博客）和搜索引擎用于新闻目的。这些新渠道当时并没有被视为太大的威胁。这种态度在第三个时期（2010年和2014年进行的调查）没有改变。在这一阶段，研究的重点也是编辑人员如何利用数量不断增加的社交媒体。六项调查的不同研究兴趣表明，所审查的新闻研究主要解决新闻实践中不断变化的需求。因此，外生因素（“部门”）对研究兴趣的影响大于内生因素（“奖学金”）。