The fabrication of stretchable ionic conductors with low hysteresis and anti-freezing properties to enhance the durability and reliability of flexible electronics even at low temperatures remains an unmet challenge. Here, we report a facile strategy to fabricate low hysteresis, high stretchability, self-adhesion and anti-freezing zwitterionic supramolecular polymer ion-conductive elastomers (ICEs) by photoinitiated polymerization of aqueous precursor solutions containing a newly designed zwitterionic monomer carboxybetaine ureido acrylate (CBUIA) followed by solvent evaporation. The resultant poly(carboxybetaine ureido acrylate) (PCBUIA) ICEs are highly stretchable and self-adhesive owing to the presence of strong hydrogen bonds between ureido groups and dipole–dipole interactions of zwitterions. The zwitterion groups on the polymer side chains and loaded-lithium chloride endow PCBUIA ICEs with excellent anti-freezing properties, demonstrating mechanical flexibility and ionic transport properties even at a low temperature (−20 °C). Remarkably, the PCBUIA ICEs demonstrate a low hysteresis (≈10%) during cyclic mechanical loading–unloading (≤500%), and are successfully applied as wearable strain sensors and triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) for energy harvesting and human motion monitoring. In addition, the PCBUIA ICE-based TENG was used as a wireless sensing terminal for Internet of Things smart devices to enable wireless sensing of finger motion state detection.

中文翻译：

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低滞后两性离子超分子聚合物离子导电弹性体，具有防冻性能、高拉伸性和自粘性，适用于柔性电子器件

制造具有低磁滞和防冻特性的可拉伸离子导体，以提高柔性电子产品即使在低温下的耐用性和可靠性，仍然是一个尚未解决的挑战。在这里，我们报告了一种简单的策略，通过含有新设计的两性离子单体羧基甜菜碱脲基丙烯酸酯（CBUIA）的水性前体溶液的光引发聚合来制造低滞后、高拉伸性、自粘合和防冻两性离子超分子聚合物离子导电弹性体（ICE） ），然后蒸发溶剂。由于脲基之间存在强氢键和两性离子的偶极-偶极相互作用，所得聚（羧基甜菜碱脲基丙烯酸酯）（PCBUIA）ICE具有高度可拉伸性和自粘性。聚合物侧链上的两性离子基团和负载的氯化锂赋予 PCBUIA ICE 优异的抗冻性能，即使在低温（−20 °C）下也表现出机械灵活性和离子传输性能。值得注意的是，PCBUIA ICE 在循环机械加载-卸载 (≤500%) 过程中表现出低滞后 (≈10%)，并成功用作可穿戴应变传感器和摩擦纳米发电机 (TENG)，用于能量收集和人体运动监测。此外，基于PCBUIA ICE的TENG被用作物联网智能设备的无线传感终端，实现手指运动状态检测的无线传感。