Waterlogging disasters seriously affect residents' lives. Investigating the factors affecting waterlogging is crucial for mitigating waterlogging. Although waterlogging is closely related to land-use patterns, most of the previous studies have analyzed only the impact of urban horizontal patterns on waterlogging at a single scale. Few studies have focused on the role of urban vertical patterns from a multiscale perspective. Therefore, this study investigated the influence of various factors on the density of waterlogging points at grid scales of 1–5 km using Pearson correlation analysis and the random forest model. We conducted a case study for Shenzhen City, and the results show that the building coverage ratio, building crowding degree, building density, proportion of impervious surfaces, proportion of green space, and population density are the most important factors. Moreover, the urban horizontal and vertical patterns have significant scale effects on waterlogging. The influence of horizontal patterns on waterlogging is maximum at a scale of 3 km, while the influence and dominance of the vertical patterns increase with scale. Therefore, controlling building congestion is necessary for alleviating waterlogging, and the rational planning of urban horizontal and vertical patterns is important for the construction of sponge cities. Our results provide decision support for urban land-use optimization and waterlogging mitigation, thereby facilitating sustainable environmental management.

中文翻译：

---

城市垂直格局对城市内涝的尺度效应评估：以深圳为例的实证研究

内涝灾害严重影响居民生活。调查影响内涝的因素对于缓解内涝至关重要。尽管内涝与土地利用格局密切相关，但以往的研究大多仅在单一尺度上分析城市水平格局对内涝的影响。很少有研究从多尺度角度关注城市垂直格局的作用。因此，本研究采用Pearson相关分析和随机森林模型，探讨了1~5 km网格尺度上各因素对涝点密度的影响。我们对深圳市进行了案例研究，结果表明，建筑覆盖率、建筑拥挤程度、建筑密度、不透水面积比例、绿地比例和人口密度是最重要的影响因素。此外，城市水平和垂直格局对内涝具有显着的尺度效应。水平格局对内涝的影响在3 km尺度上最大，而垂直格局的影响力和主导度随着尺度的增大而增强。因此，控制建筑拥堵是缓解内涝的必要条件，合理规划城市横向和纵向格局对于海绵城市建设具有重要意义。我们的研究结果为城​​市土地利用优化和内涝缓解提供决策支持，从而促进可持续环境管理。