A major revelation of genome-scale biological studies in the post-genomic era has been that two-thirds of human genes do not encode proteins. The majority of non-coding RNA transcripts in humans are long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) molecules, non-protein-coding regulatory transcripts with sizes greater than 500 nucleotides. LncRNAs are involved in nearly every aspect of cellular physiology, playing fundamental regulatory roles both in normal cells and in disease. As result, they are functionally linked to multiple human diseases, from cancer to autoimmune, inflammatory, and neurological disorders. Numerous human conditions and diseases stem from gene-environment interactions; in this regard, a wealth of reports demonstrate that the intake of specific and essential nutrients, including vitamins, shapes our transcriptome, with corresponding impacts on health. Vitamins command a vast array of biological activities, acting as coenzymes, antioxidants, hormones, and regulating cellular proliferation and coagulation. Emerging evidence suggests that vitamins and lncRNAs are interconnected through several regulatory axes. This type of interaction is expected, since lncRNA has been implicated in sensing the environment in eukaryotes, conceptually similar to riboswitches and other RNAs that act as molecular sensors in prokaryotes. In this review, we summarize the peer-reviewed literature to date that has reported specific functional linkages between vitamins and lncRNAs, with an emphasis on mammalian models and humans, while providing a brief overview of the source, metabolism, and function of the vitamins most frequently investigated within the context of lncRNA molecular mechanisms, and discussing the published research findings that document specific connections between vitamins and lncRNAs.

中文翻译：

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在转录组的长非编码通道上追踪维生素：LncRNA 的维生素调控

后基因组时代基因组规模生物学研究的一个主要启示是，三分之二的人类基因不编码蛋白质。人类中的大多数非编码 RNA 转录本是长非编码 RNA (lncRNA) 分子，即大小超过 500 个核苷酸的非蛋白质编码调节转录本。LncRNA 几乎涉及细胞生理学的各个方面，在正常细胞和疾病中发挥着基本的调节作用。因此，它们在功能上与多种人类疾病有关，从癌症到自身免疫、炎症和神经系统疾病。许多人类状况和疾病都源于基因与环境的相互作用；在这方面，大量报告表明，包括维生素在内的特定必需营养素的摄入会塑造我们的转录组，并对健康产生相应的影响。维生素具有广泛的生物活性，充当辅酶、抗氧化剂、激素，并调节细胞增殖和凝血。新的证据表明维生素和 lncRNA 通过多个调控轴相互关联。这种类型的相互作用是预料之中的，因为lncRNA与真核生物环境感知有关，概念上类似于核糖开关和原核生物中充当分子传感器的其他RNA。在这篇综述中，我们总结了迄今为止报道维生素和 lncRNA 之间特定功能联系的同行评审文献，重点是哺乳动物模型和人类，同时简要概述了最重要的维生素的来源、代谢和功能。经常在 lncRNA 分子机制的背景下进行研究，并讨论已发表的记录维生素和 lncRNA 之间特定联系的研究结果。