The intensification of production and socio-economic changes have accelerated the loss of local traditional knowledge and plant resources. Understanding the distribution and determinants of such biocultural diversity is essential in planning efficient surveys and conservation efforts. Because the concept of biocultural diversity in socio-ecological adaptive systems comprises biological, cultural, and linguistic diversity, linguistic information should serve as a surrogate for the distribution of local biological and cultural diversity. In this study, we spatio-linguistically evaluated the names of local trees and rice landraces recorded in Ehime Prefecture, southwestern Japan. Hierarchical clustering was performed separately for the names of local trees and rice landraces. By considering innate flora differences and species having multiple local names, a novel distance index was adopted for local tree names. For the names of rice landraces, Jaccard distance was adopted. V-measure and factor detector analysis were used to evaluate the spatial association between the isogloss maps of the folk nomenclature derived from the clustering and multiple thematic maps. Local tree names showed stronger spatial association with geographical factors than rice landrace names. One folk nomenclature group of trees overlapped well with the slash-and-burn cultivation area, suggesting a link between the naming of trees and the traditional production system. In contrast, rice landraces exhibited stronger associations with folklore practices. Moreover, influences of road networks and pilgrimages on rice landraces indicated the importance of human mobility and traditional rituals on rice seed transfer. High homogeneity and low completeness in the V-measure analysis indicated that the names of local trees and rice landraces were mostly homogenous within current municipalities and were shared with a couple of adjacent municipalities. The isogloss maps help to illustrate how the biological and cultural diversity of wild trees and rice landraces are distributed. They also help to identify units for inter-municipal collaboration for effective conservation of traditional knowledge related to those plant resources and traditional rice varieties themselves. Our spatio-linguistic evaluation indicated that complex geographical and sociological processes influence the formation of plant folk nomenclature groups and implies a promising approach using quantitative lexico-statistical analysis to help to identify areas for biocultural diversity conservation.

中文翻译：

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野生树种和水稻地方品种民间命名同义词的不同分化过程意味着需要根据植物资源类型制定不同的保护规划

生产集约化和社会经济变革加速了当地传统知识和植物资源的流失。了解这种生物文化多样性的分布和决定因素对于规划有效的调查和保护工作至关重要。由于社会生态适应系统中生物文化多样性的概念包括生物、文化和语言多样性，因此语言信息应作为当地生物和文化多样性分布的替代。在这项研究中，我们对日本西南部爱媛县记录的当地树木和水稻地方品种的名称进行了空间语言评估。对地方树木和水稻地方品种的名称分别进行层次聚类。通过考虑先天植物区系差异和具有多个当地名称的物种，对当地树木名称采用了一种新颖的距离指数。水稻地方品种名称采用杰卡德距离。使用 V 测量和因子检测器分析来评估源自聚类的民间术语的等舌图和多个主题图之间的空间关联。与水稻地方品种名称相比，当地树木名称与地理因素的空间关联性更强。一组民间树木命名法与刀耕火种种植区有很好的重叠，表明树木命名与传统生产体系之间存在联系。相比之下，水稻地方品种与民俗习俗表现出更强的联系。此外，道路网络和朝圣对水稻地方品种的影响表明了人类流动和传统仪式对水稻种子转移的重要性。V 测量分析的同质性高、完整性低，表明当地树木和水稻地方品种的名称在当前城市内大部分是同质的，并且与几个相邻城市共享。等舌图有助于说明野生树木和水稻地方品种的生物和文化多样性是如何分布的。它们还帮助确定市际合作单位，以有效保护与这些植物资源和传统水稻品种本身相关的传统知识。我们的空间语言学评估表明，复杂的地理和社会学过程影响植物民间命名组的形成，并暗示使用定量词汇统计分析来帮助确定生物文化多样性保护领域的有前途的方法。