BackgroundTesticular volume is a marker of male pubertal development. Various clinical conditions and their treatments may influence testicular growth.ObjectivesTo create ruler‐based age‐dependent pubertal testicular volume references that enable calculation of standard deviation (SD) scores.Materials and MethodsStudy cohort comprised 65 boys who attended clinical examination twice a year from the age of 8.5 years until the attainment of final testicular size. Forty‐nine (75.4%) boys completed the follow‐up and 16 (24.6%) boys dropped out before the attainment of final post‐pubertal testicular size. At each follow‐up visit testicular size was measured with a ruler, orchidometer, and ultrasonography. LMS or LMSP method served as the technique for creating reference growth curves for testicular volumes. Using the novel references for ruler measurements, development of SD scores was assessed in a cohort of boys with unilateral cryptorchidism.ResultsReference growth curves were constructed separately for ruler, orchidometer, and ultrasonography measurements. Median orchidometer volume of 4 mL, marker of male pubertal onset, occurred at the age of 11.7 years, whereas +2SD curve surpassed 4 mL at 10.2 years and −2SD curve at 13.7 years. Modeled ages at the attainment of 4 mL testicular volume based on ruler measurements were 9.7 years for +2SD curve, 11.5 years for median curve, and 13.6 years for −2SD curve. Ultrasonography‐based volume of 1.3 mL corresponded with the median modeled orchidometer‐based volume of 4 mL. In boys with unilateral cryptorchidism, ruler‐based SD scores decreased during puberty in undescended testes, but not in descended testes.Discussion and ConclusionThe present study provides reference values for pubertal testicular volume measured with a ruler enabling an age‐dependent assessment of testicular size. Comparison with measurements by an orchidometer and ultrasonography is also presented.

中文翻译：

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基于纵向随访的尺子、睾丸计和超声检查测量的青春期睾丸体积参考

背景睾丸体积是男性青春期发育的标志。各种临床状况及其治疗可能会影响睾丸生长。目标创建基于标尺的年龄依赖性青春期睾丸体积参考，以便计算标准差 (SD) 分数。材料和方法研究队列由 65 名男孩组成，他们每年参加两次临床检查8.5岁直到达到最终睾丸大小。49 名 (75.4%) 男孩完成了随访，16 名 (24.6%) 男孩在达到最终青春期后睾丸尺寸之前退出。每次随访时，用尺子、睾丸计和超声检查测量睾丸大小。LMS 或 LMSP 方法用作创建睾丸体积参考生长曲线的技术。使用尺子测量的新参考，对一组患有单侧隐睾的男孩的 SD 评分的发展进行了评估。结果分别为尺子、睾丸计和超声检查测量构建了参考生长曲线。睾丸体积中位数为 4 mL（男性青春期开始的标志）发生在 11.7 岁时，而 +2SD 曲线在 10.2 岁时超过 4 mL，−2SD 曲线在 13.7 岁时超过。根据标尺测量，达到 4 mL 睾丸体积时的建模年龄为 +2SD 曲线为 9.7 岁，中位曲线为 11.5 岁，-2SD 曲线为 13.6 岁。基于超声检查的体积为 1.3 mL，对应于基于睾丸模型的中值模型体积 4 mL。在患有单侧隐睾的男孩中，在青春期期间，未降睾丸基于直尺的 SD 分数下降，但下降睾丸则没有。 讨论和结论本研究提供了用直尺测量的青春期睾丸体积的参考值，从而能够根据年龄评估睾丸大小。还提供了与睾丸测量仪和超声检查的测量结果的比较。