In recent years, stem cells and their secretomes, notably exosomes, have received considerable attention in biomedical applications. Exosomes are cellular secretomes used for intercellular communication. They perform the function of intercellular messengers by facilitating the transport of proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and therapeutic substances. Their biocompatibility, minimal immunogenicity, targetability, stability, and engineerable characteristics have additionally led to their application as drug delivery vehicles. The therapeutic efficacy of exosomes can be improved through surface modification employing functional molecules, including aptamers, antibodies, and peptides. Given their potential as targeted delivery vehicles to enhance the efficiency of treatment while minimizing adverse effects, exosomes exhibit considerable promise. Stem cells are considered advantageous sources of exosomes due to their distinctive characteristics, including regenerative and self-renewal capabilities, which make them well-suited for transplantation into injured tissues, hence promoting tissue regeneration. However, there are notable obstacles that need to be addressed, including immune rejection and ethical problems. Exosomes produced from stem cells have been thoroughly studied as a cell-free strategy that avoids many of the difficulties involved with cell-based therapy for tissue regeneration and cancer treatment. This review provides an in-depth summary and analysis of the existing knowledge regarding exosomes, including their engineering and cardiovascular disease (CVD) treatment applications.

中文翻译：

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工程间充质干/基质细胞衍生的外泌体在心血管疾病中的靶向药物递送：最新趋势和未来前景

近年来，干细胞及其分泌体，特别是外泌体，在生物医学应用中受到了相当大的关注。外泌体是用于细胞间通讯的细胞分泌体。它们通过促进蛋白质、脂质、核酸和治疗物质的运输来发挥细胞间信使的功能。它们的生物相容性、最小的免疫原性、靶向性、稳定性和可工程特性也导致它们作为药物输送载体的应用。外泌体的治疗功效可以通过使用功能分子（包括适体、抗体和肽）进行表面修饰来提高。鉴于其作为靶向递送载体的潜力，可以提高治疗效率，同时最大限度地减少副作用，外泌体表现出巨大的前景。干细胞因其独特的特性（包括再生和自我更新能力）而被认为是外泌体的有利来源，这使得它们非常适合移植到受损组织中，从而促进组织再生。然而，还有一些值得注意的障碍需要解决，包括免疫排斥和伦理问题。由干细胞产生的外泌体作为一种无细胞策略已经得到了彻底的研究，它避免了组织再生和癌症治疗中基于细胞的疗法所涉及的许多困难。这篇综述对外泌体的现有知识进行了深入的总结和分析，包括其工程和心血管疾病（CVD）治疗应用。